test(memhub): align localization fixtures with current keys

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ Hy Memory and MemHub are versioned and released independently.
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+- Added an extensible MemHub interface-localization layer with Simplified
+  Chinese, English, and Spanish catalogs shared by Web and Electron-native
+  surfaces. Interface language remains independent from memory content and
+  model processing language.
 - `search(..., layers=["l1_raw"])` now explicitly searches SDK raw records in
   pro/ultra mode and keeps existing user/agent/session/source filters; default
   search continues to hide raw.

memhub/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Contributing
 
-感谢你参与 One Memory。
+感谢你参与 MemHub。
 
 ## 开发环境
 
@@ -27,3 +27,10 @@ pnpm check
 
 涉及外部源码时，必须记录项目、固定版本或 commit、许可证、采用文件和修改说明。不得提交
 密钥、内部地址、真实对话、个人路径、模型权重或签名证书。
+
+## 界面翻译
+
+新增或修改界面语言时遵循
+[`docs/LOCALIZATION.md`](docs/LOCALIZATION.md)：使用稳定语义 key，保持所有
+locale 的 key 与占位符一致，不翻译用户内容、路径、标识符或外部错误正文。语言
+catalog 与无关产品行为应拆成不同 PR。

memhub/README.md

@@ -50,11 +50,14 @@ Linux 制品由 GitHub Actions 在原生架构 runner 上构建并完成生命
 - `apps/web`：React / TypeScript 管理界面。
 - `apps/desktop`：Electron 桌面壳与图形安装入口。
 - `packages/contracts`：公共 API 类型。
+- `packages/i18n`：Web 与 Electron 共用的界面语言合同和 catalog。
 - `packages/host-bridge`：AI App 的 Skill、Hook、插件和 MCP 接入。
 - `packages/runtime-control`：Core、Host Gateway 和 Runtime 生命周期控制。
 
 架构详情见 [`docs/ARCHITECTURE.md`](docs/ARCHITECTURE.md) 和
 [`docs/contracts/runtime-unification.md`](docs/contracts/runtime-unification.md)。
+界面语言架构与社区翻译规则见
+[`docs/LOCALIZATION.md`](docs/LOCALIZATION.md)。
 产品、测试和一线支持排查导入与记忆沉淀时，使用
 [`docs/PRODUCT_LOG_TROUBLESHOOTING.md`](docs/PRODUCT_LOG_TROUBLESHOOTING.md)。
 

memhub/SBOM.spdx.json

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
   "dataLicense": "CC0-1.0",
   "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-DOCUMENT",
   "name": "one-memory",
-  "documentNamespace": "https://one-memory.local/spdx/2026-10-17T13:52:48Z",
+  "documentNamespace": "https://one-memory.local/spdx/2026-10-22T08:09:31Z",
   "creationInfo": {
-    "created": "2026-10-17T13:52:48Z",
+    "created": "2026-10-22T08:09:31Z",
     "creators": [
       "Tool: one-memory-generate-sbom"
     ]
@@ -88,6 +88,23 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    {
+      "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-Package-npm-i18next",
+      "name": "i18next",
+      "versionInfo": "25.10.10",
+      "downloadLocation": "NOASSERTION",
+      "filesAnalyzed": false,
+      "licenseConcluded": "NOASSERTION",
+      "licenseDeclared": "NOASSERTION",
+      "copyrightText": "NOASSERTION",
+      "externalRefs": [
+        {
+          "referenceCategory": "PACKAGE-MANAGER",
+          "referenceType": "purl",
+          "referenceLocator": "pkg:npm/i18next@25.10.10"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-Package-npm-lucide-react",
       "name": "lucide-react",
@@ -2380,6 +2397,11 @@
       "relationshipType": "DEPENDS_ON",
       "relatedSpdxElement": "SPDXRef-Package-npm-https-proxy-agent"
     },
+    {
+      "spdxElementId": "SPDXRef-Package-one-memory",
+      "relationshipType": "DEPENDS_ON",
+      "relatedSpdxElement": "SPDXRef-Package-npm-i18next"
+    },
     {
       "spdxElementId": "SPDXRef-Package-one-memory",
       "relationshipType": "DEPENDS_ON",

memhub/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 MemHub itself is licensed under Apache-2.0 (see `LICENSE`).
 It bundles the runtime dependencies listed below.
-Generated from the installed dependency tree on 2026-10-17T13:52:48Z
+Generated from the installed dependency tree on 2026-10-22T08:09:31Z
 by `python3 scripts/generate_sbom.py`. Do not edit by hand.
 
 Per-package license texts are not reproduced here yet; the license
@@ -112,12 +112,13 @@ Adaptation boundary:
 
 No Memmy brand, icon, font or mascot assets are distributed.
 
-## JavaScript (npm) — 10 packages
+## JavaScript (npm) — 11 packages
 
 - @tanstack/react-query 5.103.2
 - axios 1.20.0
 - fflate 0.8.3
 - https-proxy-agent 7.0.0
+- i18next 25.10.10
 - lucide-react 1.43.0
 - proxy-from-env 2.1.0
 - react 19.2.8

memhub/apps/desktop/package.json

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@one-memory/contracts": "workspace:*",
     "@one-memory/host-bridge": "workspace:*",
+    "@one-memory/i18n": "workspace:*",
     "@one-memory/runtime-control": "workspace:*",
     "axios": "^1.20.0"
   }

memhub/apps/desktop/src/application-menu.test.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,46 @@
+import type { LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
 import { installApplicationMenu } from "./application-menu";
 
+it("rebuilds translated labels from committed language updates without exporting", () => {
+  let change: (() => void) | undefined;
+  const snapshot: LanguageSnapshot = {
+    preference: "es",
+    locale: "es",
+    revision: 1,
+  };
+  const unsubscribe = vi.fn();
+  const read = vi.fn(() => snapshot);
+  const buildMenu = vi.fn(() => ({}) as never);
+  const dispose = installApplicationMenu({
+    productName: "MemHub",
+    buildMenu,
+    setMenu: vi.fn(),
+    exportLogs: async () => {},
+    reportError: vi.fn(),
+    language: {
+      read,
+      subscribe: (listener) => {
+        change = () => listener(snapshot);
+        return unsubscribe;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  expect(buildMenu).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+    expect.arrayContaining([expect.objectContaining({ label: "Ayuda" })]),
+  );
+  snapshot.locale = "zh-CN";
+  change?.();
+  expect(read).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  expect(buildMenu).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  expect(buildMenu).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+    expect.arrayContaining([expect.objectContaining({ label: "帮助" })]),
+  );
+  dispose();
+  expect(unsubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+});
+
 it("exports logs from Help without requiring a renderer window", async () => {
   const exportLogs = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
   let template: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = [];

memhub/apps/desktop/src/application-menu.ts

@@ -1,36 +1,49 @@
+import { translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import type { Menu, MenuItemConstructorOptions } from "electron";
+import type { NativeLanguageSource } from "./native-language";
 
 export function installApplicationMenu(options: {
   productName: string;
+  language?: NativeLanguageSource;
   buildMenu(template: MenuItemConstructorOptions[]): Menu;
   setMenu(menu: Menu): void;
   exportLogs(): Promise<void>;
   reportError(message: string): void;
-}): void {
+}): () => void {
   const runExport = async () => {
     try {
       await options.exportLogs();
     } catch {
-      options.reportError("日志未能导出，请稍后重试。");
+      options.reportError(
+        translate(
+          options.language?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+          "nativeExportError",
+        ),
+      );
     }
   };
-  options.setMenu(
-    options.buildMenu([
-      {
-        label: options.productName,
-        submenu: [{ role: "about" }, { type: "separator" }, { role: "quit" }],
-      },
-      { role: "editMenu" },
-      { role: "windowMenu" },
-      {
-        label: "帮助",
-        submenu: [
-          {
-            label: "导出日志（发给开发排查）",
-            click: runExport,
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-    ]),
-  );
+  const refresh = () => {
+    const locale = options.language?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN";
+    options.setMenu(
+      options.buildMenu([
+        {
+          label: options.productName,
+          submenu: [{ role: "about" }, { type: "separator" }, { role: "quit" }],
+        },
+        { role: "editMenu" },
+        { role: "windowMenu" },
+        {
+          label: translate(locale, "nativeHelp"),
+          submenu: [
+            {
+              label: translate(locale, "nativeExportLogs"),
+              click: runExport,
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]),
+    );
+  };
+  refresh();
+  return options.language?.subscribe(refresh) ?? (() => {});
 }

memhub/apps/desktop/src/background-tray.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import type { LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import type {
   App,
   Menu,
@@ -25,6 +26,12 @@ function fixture(
     enabled: false,
     status: "disabled",
   };
+  let changed: (() => void) | undefined;
+  const languageSnapshot: LanguageSnapshot = {
+    preference: "zh-CN",
+    locale: "zh-CN",
+    revision: 1,
+  };
   const app = { isPackaged: packaged, quit: vi.fn() };
   const tray = Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), {
     setToolTip: vi.fn(),
@@ -49,6 +56,15 @@ function fixture(
     installBackgroundTray({
       app: app as unknown as App,
       platform,
+      language: {
+        read: () => languageSnapshot,
+        subscribe: (listener) => {
+          changed = () => listener(languageSnapshot);
+          return () => {
+            changed = undefined;
+          };
+        },
+      },
       resourcesPath: "/bundle/Contents/Resources",
       appPath: "/repo/apps/desktop",
       createImage: vi.fn(() => image as unknown as NativeImage),
@@ -80,6 +96,10 @@ function fixture(
     install,
     menu,
     click,
+    changeLanguage(locale: LanguageSnapshot["locale"]) {
+      languageSnapshot.locale = locale;
+      changed?.();
+    },
     setState(value: LoginPreference) {
       state = value;
     },
@@ -87,6 +107,26 @@ function fixture(
 }
 
 describe("native macOS background tray", () => {
+  it("rebuilds Spanish and Chinese labels without changing login or stopping services", async () => {
+    const f = fixture();
+    f.install();
+    await flush();
+    f.changeLanguage("es");
+    await flush();
+    expect(f.menu()[0]?.label).toBe("Abrir MemHub");
+    expect(f.menu()[1]?.label).toBe("Iniciar MemHub al iniciar sesión");
+    expect(f.menu()[3]?.label).toBe(
+      "Salir de MemHub (el servicio sigue en segundo plano)",
+    );
+    expect(f.setLoginPreference).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    f.click(0);
+    expect(f.open).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    f.changeLanguage("zh-CN");
+    await flush();
+    expect(f.menu()[0]?.label).toBe("打开 MemHub");
+    f.click(3);
+    expect(f.app.quit).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
   it("reads and changes the unified Runtime login preference", async () => {
     const f = fixture();
     const dispose = f.install();

memhub/apps/desktop/src/background-tray.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import path from "node:path";
+import { type MessageKey, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import type {
   App,
   Menu,
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ import type {
   Tray,
 } from "electron";
 import type { LoginPreference } from "./login-preference";
+import type { NativeLanguageSource } from "./native-language";
 
 export const LOGIN_SERVICE_NAME = "com.tencent.onememory.runtime.plist";
 
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ interface TrayOptions {
   setLoginPreference(enabled: boolean): Promise<LoginPreference>;
   allowLoginStartup?: boolean;
   productName?: string;
+  language?: NativeLanguageSource;
 }
 
 export function installBackgroundTray(options: TrayOptions): () => void {
@@ -41,29 +44,32 @@ export function installBackgroundTray(options: TrayOptions): () => void {
   let generation = 0;
   const refresh = async () => {
     if (disposed) return;
+    const locale = options.language?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN";
+    const t = (key: MessageKey) =>
+      translate(locale, key, { product: productName });
     const current = ++generation;
     let checked = false;
     let enabled = app.isPackaged && options.allowLoginStartup !== false;
-    let label = `登录时启动 ${productName}`;
+    let label = t("nativeLogin");
     if (options.allowLoginStartup === false) {
-      label += "（阶段包不可用）";
+      label += t("nativeTrialUnavailable");
     } else if (app.isPackaged) {
       try {
         const state = await options.readLoginPreference();
         if (disposed || current !== generation) return;
         checked = state.enabled;
         enabled = state.supported;
-        if (state.status === "managed-by-cli") label += "（由 CLI 管理）";
+        if (state.status === "managed-by-cli") label += t("nativeCliManaged");
       } catch {
-        label += "（状态不可用）";
+        label += t("nativeStatusUnavailable");
         enabled = false;
       }
     } else {
-      label += "（开发模式不可用）";
+      label += t("nativeDevelopmentUnavailable");
     }
     tray.setContextMenu(
       options.buildMenu([
-        { label: `打开 ${productName}`, click: options.open },
+        { label: t("nativeOpen"), click: options.open },
         {
           label,
           type: "checkbox",
@@ -74,14 +80,19 @@ export function installBackgroundTray(options: TrayOptions): () => void {
             void options
               .setLoginPreference(item.checked)
               .catch(() =>
-                options.reportError("无法更改登录启动设置，请重试。"),
+                options.reportError(
+                  translate(
+                    options.language?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+                    "nativeLoginError",
+                  ),
+                ),
               )
               .finally(() => void refresh());
           },
         },
         { type: "separator" },
         {
-          label: `退出 ${productName}（后台服务继续运行）`,
+          label: t("nativeQuit"),
           click: () => {
             if (!disposed) app.quit();
           },
@@ -89,6 +100,7 @@ export function installBackgroundTray(options: TrayOptions): () => void {
       ]),
     );
   };
+  const unsubscribeLanguage = options.language?.subscribe(() => void refresh());
   try {
     void refresh();
     // Refresh before the native menu opens, including changes made in Settings.
@@ -101,6 +113,7 @@ export function installBackgroundTray(options: TrayOptions): () => void {
   return () => {
     if (disposed) return;
     disposed = true;
+    unsubscribeLanguage?.();
     tray.removeAllListeners("mouse-down");
     tray.removeAllListeners("right-click");
     tray.destroy();

memhub/apps/desktop/src/desktop-lifecycle.test.ts

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ interface Overrides {
   whenReady?: Promise<void>;
   windowGate?: Promise<void>;
   windowError?: Error;
+  beforeNativeUi?: () => Promise<void>;
   /** Give the lifecycle a startup placeholder, as the packaged App does. */
   startupWindow?: boolean;
   startupWindowError?: Error;
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@ function fixture(background = false, lock = true, overrides: Overrides = {}) {
     platform: overrides.platform ?? "darwin",
     background,
     prepare,
+    beforeNativeUi: overrides.beforeNativeUi,
     initialize,
     stop,
     dispose,
@@ -148,6 +150,35 @@ function fixture(background = false, lock = true, overrides: Overrides = {}) {
 }
 
 describe("desktop background lifecycle with injected Electron", () => {
+  it("awaits the post-readiness language hook before menus, tray and runtime", async () => {
+    const gate = deferred();
+    const beforeNativeUi = vi.fn(() => gate.promise);
+    const f = fixture(false, true, { beforeNativeUi });
+    expect(beforeNativeUi).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    f.ready.resolve();
+    await f.flush();
+    expect(beforeNativeUi).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(f.installTray).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(f.initialize).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    gate.resolve();
+    f.starting.resolve();
+    await f.flush();
+    expect(f.installTray).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(f.windows).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+  it("does not install native UI after quitting during the language hook", async () => {
+    const gate = deferred();
+    const f = fixture(false, true, { beforeNativeUi: () => gate.promise });
+    f.ready.resolve();
+    await f.flush();
+    f.quit();
+    gate.resolve();
+    await f.flush();
+    expect(f.installTray).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(f.initialize).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    f.stopping.resolve();
+    await f.flush();
+  });
   it("starts services and tray without a window in background mode", async () => {
     const f = fixture(true);
     await f.boot();

memhub/apps/desktop/src/desktop-lifecycle.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ interface LifecycleOptions {
   platform: NodeJS.Platform;
   background: boolean;
   prepare(): void;
+  beforeNativeUi?(): Promise<void>;
   initialize(isQuitting: () => boolean): Promise<void>;
   stop(): Promise<void>;
   dispose(): void;
@@ -152,6 +153,8 @@ export function startDesktopLifecycle(options: LifecycleOptions): void {
     .then(async () => {
       if (quitting) return;
       startup = Promise.resolve().then(async () => {
+        if (quitting) return;
+        await options.beforeNativeUi?.();
         if (quitting) return;
         options.installTray(open);
         // A window first, services second. Startup can take tens of seconds;

memhub/apps/desktop/src/display-preferences-ipc.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import { mkdtemp, rm, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
 interface FakeFrame {
@@ -11,13 +15,17 @@ interface FakeFrame {
 
 const fake = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   ready: undefined as (() => Promise<void>) | undefined,
-  handlers: new Map<string, (event: unknown) => unknown>(),
+  handlers: new Map<string, (event: unknown, ...args: unknown[]) => unknown>(),
   windows: [] as FakeWindow[],
   app: undefined as unknown as EventEmitter,
   theme: undefined as unknown as EventEmitter,
   renderer: undefined as unknown as EventEmitter,
   unload: undefined as unknown as EventTarget,
   packaged: true,
+  userData: "",
+  preferred: vi.fn(() => ["es-MX", "zh-CN"]),
+  locale: vi.fn(() => "zh-CN"),
+  menu: vi.fn(),
   loadFailure: false,
   reduceMotion: false as unknown,
   reduceTransparency: false as unknown,
@@ -93,7 +101,10 @@ vi.mock("electron", () => ({
       }),
       isPackaged: fake.packaged,
       getName: () => "One Memory Preview",
-      getPath: () => "/unused/display-test",
+      getPath: (name: string) =>
+        name === "userData" ? fake.userData : "/unused/display-test",
+      getPreferredSystemLanguages: fake.preferred,
+      getLocale: fake.locale,
       getAppPath: () => "/unused/display-test",
       quit: vi.fn(),
       exit: vi.fn(),
@@ -119,8 +130,10 @@ vi.mock("electron", () => ({
   },
   BrowserWindow: FakeWindow,
   ipcMain: {
-    handle: (channel: string, handler: (event: unknown) => unknown) =>
-      fake.handlers.set(channel, handler),
+    handle: (
+      channel: string,
+      handler: (event: unknown, ...args: unknown[]) => unknown,
+    ) => fake.handlers.set(channel, handler),
     removeHandler: (channel: string) => {
       fake.removeHandler(channel);
       fake.handlers.delete(channel);
@@ -138,7 +151,7 @@ vi.mock("electron", () => ({
   session: { defaultSession: {} },
   clipboard: { writeText: vi.fn() },
   dialog: { showErrorBox: fake.error },
-  Menu: { buildFromTemplate: vi.fn(() => ({})), setApplicationMenu: vi.fn() },
+  Menu: { buildFromTemplate: vi.fn(() => ({})), setApplicationMenu: fake.menu },
   shell: { openExternal: vi.fn() },
 }));
 vi.mock("@one-memory/host-bridge", () => ({
@@ -190,7 +203,8 @@ vi.mock("./core-supervisor", () => ({
   findAvailablePort: async () => 9999,
 }));
 
-beforeEach(() => {
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  fake.userData = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "memhub-language-ipc-"));
   vi.resetModules();
   vi.resetAllMocks();
   fake.app = new EventEmitter();
@@ -212,8 +226,9 @@ beforeEach(() => {
   vi.stubEnv("ONE_MEMORY_WEB_URL", "http://127.0.0.1:5173");
   vi.stubEnv("ONE_MEMORY_SMOKE_QUIT_MS", "0");
 });
-afterEach(() => {
+afterEach(async () => {
   fake.app.emit("will-quit");
+  await rm(fake.userData, { recursive: true, force: true });
   fake.unload.dispatchEvent(new Event("unload"));
   vi.unstubAllGlobals();
   vi.unstubAllEnvs();
@@ -242,6 +257,91 @@ const eventFor = (window: FakeWindow) => ({
   senderFrame: window.frame,
 });
 
+describe("GUI language main IPC", () => {
+  it("loads the active profile after ready and before native menus", async () => {
+    await writeFile(
+      path.join(fake.userData, "gui-language.json"),
+      JSON.stringify({ preference: "es" }),
+    );
+    await import("./main.js");
+    expect(fake.preferred).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(fake.menu).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await fake.ready?.();
+    expect(fake.preferred).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(fake.preferred.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]).toBeLessThan(
+      fake.menu.mock.invocationCallOrder[0],
+    );
+    const read = fake.handlers.get("one-memory:get-language-preference");
+    if (!read) throw Error("Missing language read handler");
+    expect(await read(eventFor(fake.windows[0]))).toEqual({
+      preference: "es",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 0,
+    });
+  });
+  it("guards both operations and broadcasts only to live owned main frames", async () => {
+    const window = await startup();
+    const read = fake.handlers.get("one-memory:get-language-preference");
+    if (!read) throw Error("Missing language read handler");
+    const write = fake.handlers.get("one-memory:set-language-preference");
+    if (!write) throw Error("Missing language write handler");
+    const foreign = new FakeWindow();
+    for (const event of [
+      eventFor(foreign),
+      {
+        sender: window.webContents,
+        senderFrame: { ...window.frame, parent: window.frame },
+      },
+      { sender: window.webContents, senderFrame: null },
+    ]) {
+      await expect(read(event)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(write(event, "es")).rejects.toThrow();
+    }
+    window.frame.url = "https://example.invalid";
+    await expect(read(eventFor(window))).rejects.toThrow();
+    await expect(write(eventFor(window), "es")).rejects.toThrow();
+    window.frame.url = "one-memory://app/index.html";
+    await write(eventFor(window), "zh-CN");
+    expect(window.frame.send).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      "one-memory:language-preference-changed",
+      { preference: "zh-CN", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 1 },
+    );
+    expect(foreign.frame.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    window.frame.send.mockImplementation(() => {
+      throw Error("destroyed during send");
+    });
+    await expect(write(eventFor(window), "es")).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      revision: 2,
+    });
+    fake.app.emit("will-quit");
+    expect(fake.handlers.has("one-memory:get-language-preference")).toBe(false);
+    expect(fake.handlers.has("one-memory:set-language-preference")).toBe(false);
+  });
+  it("does not deliver an admitted write to a document that navigated during persistence", async () => {
+    const window = await startup();
+    const write = fake.handlers.get("one-memory:set-language-preference");
+    const read = fake.handlers.get("one-memory:get-language-preference");
+    if (!write || !read) throw Error("Missing language handlers");
+    const result = write(eventFor(window), "es");
+    window.frame.url = "https://example.invalid";
+    await expect(result).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(window.frame.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    window.frame.url = "one-memory://app/index.html";
+    expect(await read(eventFor(window))).toMatchObject({
+      preference: "es",
+      revision: 1,
+    });
+  });
+  it("uses the shared locale for the native error title without translating error codes", async () => {
+    fake.loadFailure = true;
+    await startup();
+    expect(fake.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      translate("es", "nativeErrorTitle"),
+      "page_load_failed",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
 describe("display preference main IPC", () => {
   it("registers background inspection against the fixed data directory and guards navigation", async () => {
     const window = await startup();
@@ -412,6 +512,9 @@ describe("display preference main IPC", () => {
 interface PreferenceAPI {
   getBackgroundHealth(): Promise<unknown>;
   restartBackground(): Promise<{ state: "restarted" }>;
+  getLanguagePreference(): Promise<unknown>;
+  setLanguagePreference(preference: unknown): Promise<unknown>;
+  onLanguagePreferenceChanged(listener: (value: unknown) => void): () => void;
   getDisplayPreferences(): Promise<{
     reduceMotion: boolean;
     reduceTransparency: boolean;
@@ -424,6 +527,51 @@ async function preload() {
   return fake.expose.mock.calls[0][1] as PreferenceAPI;
 }
 
+describe("language preference preload", () => {
+  it("validates writes and snapshots, strips event metadata and cleans subscriptions", async () => {
+    const api = await preload();
+    const snapshot = { preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 2 };
+    fake.invoke.mockResolvedValue({ ...snapshot, secret: "not exposed" });
+    expect(await api.getLanguagePreference()).toEqual(snapshot);
+    expect(await api.setLanguagePreference("es")).toEqual(snapshot);
+    expect(fake.invoke).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+      "one-memory:set-language-preference",
+      "es",
+    );
+    fake.invoke.mockClear();
+    await expect(api.setLanguagePreference("fr")).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(fake.invoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    const listener = vi.fn();
+    const unsubscribe = api.onLanguagePreferenceChanged(listener);
+    for (const invalid of [
+      null,
+      {},
+      { ...snapshot, revision: -1 },
+      { ...snapshot, preference: "en" },
+      { ...snapshot, locale: "en" },
+    ]) {
+      fake.invoke.mockResolvedValue(invalid);
+      await expect(api.getLanguagePreference()).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(api.setLanguagePreference("es")).rejects.toThrow();
+      fake.renderer.emit("one-memory:language-preference-changed", {}, invalid);
+    }
+    expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    fake.renderer.emit(
+      "one-memory:language-preference-changed",
+      { secret: true },
+      { ...snapshot, secret: true },
+    );
+    expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(snapshot);
+    expect(listener.mock.calls[0][0]).not.toBe(snapshot);
+    fake.unload.dispatchEvent(new Event("unload"));
+    unsubscribe();
+    unsubscribe();
+    expect(
+      fake.renderer.listenerCount("one-memory:language-preference-changed"),
+    ).toBe(0);
+  });
+});
+
 describe("display preference preload", () => {
   it("preload exposes a no-argument background health read", async () => {
     const api = await preload();

memhub/apps/desktop/src/early-startup-errors.test.ts

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 import { mkdtemp, readFile, rm } from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
+import { translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { installEarlyStartupErrorHandler } from "./early-startup-errors";
+import { stableRuntimeUserMessage } from "./stable-runtime";
 
 const roots: string[] = [];
 
@@ -14,6 +16,40 @@ afterEach(async () => {
 });
 
 describe("early desktop startup errors", () => {
+  it.each(["es", "throws"] as const)(
+    "uses best-effort language (%s) without changing safe error codes",
+    async (language) => {
+      const dataDir = await mkdtemp(
+        path.join(os.tmpdir(), "desktop-early-language-"),
+      );
+      roots.push(dataDir);
+      const processEvents = new EventEmitter();
+      const showError = vi.fn();
+      const exit = vi.fn();
+      const dispose = installEarlyStartupErrorHandler({
+        processEvents,
+        dataDir,
+        stderr: { write: vi.fn(() => true) },
+        showError,
+        exit,
+        readLocale: () => {
+          if (language === "throws") throw new Error("unavailable");
+          return "es";
+        },
+      });
+      processEvents.emit(
+        "uncaughtException",
+        new Error("synthetic_safe_failure"),
+      );
+      expect(showError).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(
+        language === "es" ? "MemHub no pudo iniciarse" : "MemHub 无法启动",
+        stableRuntimeUserMessage(new Error("synthetic_safe_failure")),
+      );
+      expect(exit).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(1);
+      dispose();
+    },
+  );
+
   it("replaces an earlier handler on the same process emitter", () => {
     const processEvents = new EventEmitter();
     const options = {
@@ -32,6 +68,37 @@ describe("early desktop startup errors", () => {
     dispose();
   });
 
+  it.each(["en", "es", undefined] as const)(
+    "uses a safe title for initialized locale %s and retains the technical code",
+    async (locale) => {
+      const dataDir = await mkdtemp(
+        path.join(os.tmpdir(), "desktop-early-locale-"),
+      );
+      roots.push(dataDir);
+      const processEvents = new EventEmitter();
+      const showError = vi.fn();
+      const exit = vi.fn();
+      const dispose = installEarlyStartupErrorHandler({
+        processEvents,
+        dataDir,
+        stderr: { write: vi.fn(() => true) },
+        showError,
+        exit,
+        readLocale: () => locale,
+      });
+      processEvents.emit(
+        "uncaughtException",
+        new Error("desktop_startup_failed"),
+      );
+      expect(showError).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(
+        translate(locale ?? "zh-CN", "nativeErrorTitle"),
+        stableRuntimeUserMessage(new Error("desktop_startup_failed")),
+      );
+      expect(exit).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(1);
+      dispose();
+    },
+  );
+
   it("writes stderr and diagnostics before showing the fatal dialog", async () => {
     const dataDir = await mkdtemp(
       path.join(os.tmpdir(), "desktop-early-error-"),

memhub/apps/desktop/src/early-startup-errors.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   diagnosticError,
   writeDiagnosticEventSync,
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ interface EarlyStartupErrorHandlerOptions {
   showError(title: string, message: string): void;
   exit(code: number): void;
   afterDiagnosticWrite?: () => void;
+  /** Only already initialized preferences; never read configuration during a fatal error. */
+  readLocale?: () => GuiLocale | undefined;
 }
 
 const SAFE_ERROR_CODE = /^[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,127}$/;
@@ -56,7 +59,16 @@ export function installEarlyStartupErrorHandler(
       // The dialog is the only part of this a person ever reads, so it gets the
       // explanation, not the code. The code stays in the diagnostic event,
       // where support can still match it against a known failure.
-      options.showError("MemHub 无法启动", stableRuntimeUserMessage(error));
+      let locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN";
+      try {
+        locale = options.readLocale?.() ?? "zh-CN";
+      } catch {
+        // Preferences may not exist yet; do not read files or guess the locale.
+      }
+      options.showError(
+        translate(locale, "nativeErrorTitle"),
+        stableRuntimeUserMessage(error),
+      );
       options.exit(1);
     }
   };

memhub/apps/desktop/src/language-preferences-ipc.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LanguagePreferences } from "./language-preferences";
+import { installLanguagePreferencesIpc } from "./language-preferences-ipc";
+
+describe("language preference IPC", () => {
+  it("guards reads/writes, validates payloads, broadcasts commits and disposes", async () => {
+    const handlers = new Map<
+      string,
+      (event: string, ...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>
+    >();
+    const save = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    const preferences = await LanguagePreferences.open(
+      "/synthetic/profile",
+      "es",
+      { read: async () => "{}", save },
+    );
+    const broadcast = vi.fn();
+    const dispose = installLanguagePreferencesIpc({
+      ipc: {
+        handle: (name, handler) => handlers.set(name, handler),
+        removeHandler: (name) => {
+          handlers.delete(name);
+        },
+      },
+      preferences,
+      requireTrustedWindow: (event: string) => {
+        if (event !== "trusted") throw Error("untrusted");
+      },
+      broadcast,
+    });
+    const read = handlers.get("one-memory:get-language-preference");
+    const write = handlers.get("one-memory:set-language-preference");
+    if (!read || !write) throw Error("Missing language handlers");
+    await expect(read("foreign")).rejects.toThrow("untrusted");
+    await expect(write("iframe", "es")).rejects.toThrow("untrusted");
+    await expect(write("trusted", "fr")).rejects.toThrow();
+    await expect(write("trusted", "es", "extra")).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(await read("trusted")).toEqual({
+      preference: "system",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 0,
+    });
+    await write("trusted", "en");
+    expect(broadcast).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith({
+      preference: "en",
+      locale: "en",
+      revision: 1,
+    });
+    dispose();
+    dispose();
+    expect(handlers.size).toBe(0);
+    await expect(write("trusted", "es")).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+});

memhub/apps/desktop/src/language-preferences-ipc.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { isLanguagePreference, type LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import type { LanguagePreferences } from "./language-preferences";
+
+const GET = "one-memory:get-language-preference";
+const SET = "one-memory:set-language-preference";
+
+export function installLanguagePreferencesIpc<Event>(options: {
+  ipc: {
+    handle(
+      name: string,
+      handler: (event: Event, ...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>,
+    ): unknown;
+    removeHandler(name: string): void;
+  };
+  preferences: LanguagePreferences;
+  requireTrustedWindow(event: Event): unknown;
+  broadcast(snapshot: LanguageSnapshot): void;
+}): () => void {
+  let closed = false;
+  const requireTrusted = (event: Event) => {
+    if (closed) throw Error("language_preferences_closed");
+    options.requireTrustedWindow(event);
+  };
+  options.ipc.handle(GET, async (event, ...args) => {
+    requireTrusted(event);
+    if (args.length) throw Error("invalid_language_preference_arguments");
+    return options.preferences.read();
+  });
+  options.ipc.handle(SET, async (event, ...args) => {
+    requireTrusted(event);
+    if (args.length !== 1 || !isLanguagePreference(args[0]))
+      throw Error("invalid_language_preference");
+    const snapshot = await options.preferences.set(args[0]);
+    requireTrusted(event);
+    return snapshot;
+  });
+  const unsubscribe = options.preferences.subscribe((snapshot) => {
+    if (!closed) options.broadcast(snapshot);
+  });
+  return () => {
+    if (closed) return;
+    closed = true;
+    unsubscribe();
+    options.ipc.removeHandler(GET);
+    options.ipc.removeHandler(SET);
+  };
+}

memhub/apps/desktop/src/language-preferences.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { mkdtemp, readdir, readFile, rm, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import {
+  LanguagePreferences,
+  preferredSystemLanguage,
+} from "./language-preferences";
+
+const roots: string[] = [];
+async function profile() {
+  const root = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "memhub-language-"));
+  roots.push(root);
+  return root;
+}
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await Promise.all(
+    roots.splice(0).map((root) => rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true })),
+  );
+});
+
+describe("GUI language preferences", () => {
+  it("defaults to system, persists only the preference in the active profile and reloads", async () => {
+    const root = await profile();
+    const store = await LanguagePreferences.open(root, "es-MX");
+    expect(store.read()).toEqual({
+      preference: "system",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 0,
+    });
+    expect(await readdir(root)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(await store.set("zh-CN")).toEqual({
+      preference: "zh-CN",
+      locale: "zh-CN",
+      revision: 1,
+    });
+    expect(
+      JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(root, "gui-language.json"), "utf8")),
+    ).toEqual({ preference: "zh-CN" });
+    expect((await LanguagePreferences.open(root, "es")).read().preference).toBe(
+      "zh-CN",
+    );
+    expect(
+      (await LanguagePreferences.open(await profile(), "es")).read().preference,
+    ).toBe("system");
+    expect(await readdir(root)).toEqual(["gui-language.json"]);
+  });
+  it.each(["{broken", '{"preference":"fr"}', "null", "[]"])(
+    "does not overwrite invalid input %s while loading",
+    async (content) => {
+      const root = await profile();
+      const file = path.join(root, "gui-language.json");
+      await writeFile(file, content);
+      const store = await LanguagePreferences.open(root, "es");
+      expect(store.read().preference).toBe("system");
+      expect(await readFile(file, "utf8")).toBe(content);
+    },
+  );
+  it("survives failed reads and preserves the snapshot on failed writes, then recovers", async () => {
+    const save = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("disk full"))
+      .mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    const store = await LanguagePreferences.open("/synthetic/profile", "es", {
+      read: async () => {
+        throw new Error("unreadable");
+      },
+      save,
+    });
+    const listener = vi.fn();
+    store.subscribe(listener);
+    await expect(store.set("zh-CN")).rejects.toThrow(
+      "language_preference_save_failed",
+    );
+    expect(store.read()).toEqual({
+      preference: "system",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 0,
+    });
+    expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await store.set("zh-CN");
+    expect(store.read().revision).toBe(1);
+    expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+  it("serializes racing writes and emits only committed snapshots", async () => {
+    let release!: () => void;
+    const gate = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve;
+    });
+    const save = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => gate)
+      .mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    const store = await LanguagePreferences.open("/synthetic/profile", "es", {
+      read: async () => "{}",
+      save,
+    });
+    const listener = vi.fn();
+    const unsubscribe = store.subscribe(listener);
+    const first = store.set("zh-CN");
+    const second = store.set("es");
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+    expect(store.read().revision).toBe(0);
+    release();
+    expect((await first).revision).toBe(1);
+    expect(await second).toEqual({
+      preference: "es",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 2,
+    });
+    expect(listener.mock.calls.map(([value]) => value.revision)).toEqual([
+      1, 2,
+    ]);
+    unsubscribe();
+    await store.set("system");
+    expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    await expect(store.set("invalid" as "es")).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+  it("uses only the primary preferred language, falling back to locale if unavailable", () => {
+    expect(
+      preferredSystemLanguage({
+        getPreferredSystemLanguages: () => ["en", "es"],
+        getLocale: () => "es",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("en");
+    expect(
+      preferredSystemLanguage({
+        getPreferredSystemLanguages: () => [],
+        getLocale: () => "es",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("es");
+    expect(
+      preferredSystemLanguage({
+        getPreferredSystemLanguages: () => {
+          throw Error();
+        },
+        getLocale: () => "es",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("es");
+  });
+});

memhub/apps/desktop/src/language-preferences.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { mkdir, readFile, rename, rm, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import path from "node:path";
+import {
+  isLanguagePreference,
+  type LanguagePreference,
+  type LanguageSnapshot,
+  resolveGuiLocale,
+} from "@one-memory/i18n";
+
+interface Storage {
+  read(file: string): Promise<string>;
+  save(file: string, content: string): Promise<void>;
+}
+const storage: Storage = {
+  read: (file) => readFile(file, "utf8"),
+  async save(file, content) {
+    await mkdir(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 });
+    const temporary = `${file}.${randomUUID()}.tmp`;
+    try {
+      await writeFile(temporary, content, {
+        encoding: "utf8",
+        mode: 0o600,
+        flag: "wx",
+      });
+      await rename(temporary, file);
+    } finally {
+      await rm(temporary, { force: true }).catch(() => {});
+    }
+  },
+};
+
+/** GUI-only preferences, scoped to the active Electron userData profile. */
+export class LanguagePreferences {
+  private queue: Promise<unknown> = Promise.resolve();
+  private readonly listeners = new Set<(snapshot: LanguageSnapshot) => void>();
+  private snapshot: LanguageSnapshot;
+
+  private constructor(
+    private readonly file: string,
+    private readonly systemLanguage: string | undefined,
+    private readonly io: Storage,
+    preference: LanguagePreference,
+  ) {
+    this.snapshot = {
+      preference,
+      locale: resolveGuiLocale(preference, systemLanguage),
+      revision: 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  static async open(
+    userData: string,
+    systemLanguage?: string,
+    io: Storage = storage,
+  ): Promise<LanguagePreferences> {
+    const file = path.join(userData, "gui-language.json");
+    let preference: LanguagePreference = "system";
+    try {
+      const data: unknown = JSON.parse(await io.read(file));
+      if (
+        data &&
+        typeof data === "object" &&
+        "preference" in data &&
+        isLanguagePreference(data.preference)
+      ) {
+        preference = data.preference;
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Missing, unreadable or corrupt preferences never block startup or get rewritten.
+    }
+    return new LanguagePreferences(file, systemLanguage, io, preference);
+  }
+
+  read(): LanguageSnapshot {
+    return { ...this.snapshot };
+  }
+
+  set(preference: LanguagePreference): Promise<LanguageSnapshot> {
+    if (!isLanguagePreference(preference))
+      return Promise.reject(Error("invalid_language_preference"));
+    const operation = this.queue.then(async () => {
+      if (preference === this.snapshot.preference) return this.read();
+      try {
+        await this.io.save(this.file, `${JSON.stringify({ preference })}\n`);
+      } catch {
+        throw Error("language_preference_save_failed");
+      }
+      this.snapshot = {
+        preference,
+        locale: resolveGuiLocale(preference, this.systemLanguage),
+        revision: this.snapshot.revision + 1,
+      };
+      for (const listener of this.listeners) {
+        try {
+          listener(this.read());
+        } catch {
+          /* A closed consumer cannot undo a committed save. */
+        }
+      }
+      return this.read();
+    });
+    this.queue = operation.catch(() => {});
+    return operation;
+  }
+
+  subscribe(listener: (snapshot: LanguageSnapshot) => void): () => void {
+    this.listeners.add(listener);
+    return () => {
+      this.listeners.delete(listener);
+    };
+  }
+
+  async drain(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.queue;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Call only after Electron readiness: later preferred languages are not fallbacks. */
+export function preferredSystemLanguage(app: {
+  getPreferredSystemLanguages(): string[];
+  getLocale(): string;
+}): string | undefined {
+  try {
+    const primary = app.getPreferredSystemLanguages()[0];
+    if (primary) return primary;
+  } catch {
+    /* Older/unavailable platform API: use Electron's locale. */
+  }
+  try {
+    return app.getLocale() || undefined;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}

memhub/apps/desktop/src/main.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   renderCustomHarnessSkill,
   verifyRecallInstall,
 } from "@one-memory/host-bridge/installer";
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   claimRuntimeServiceForApp,
   claimRuntimeServiceForCli,
@@ -91,6 +92,11 @@ import {
   resolvePackagedBuildNumber,
   resolvePackagedCommit,
 } from "./isolated-runtime";
+import {
+  LanguagePreferences,
+  preferredSystemLanguage,
+} from "./language-preferences";
+import { installLanguagePreferencesIpc } from "./language-preferences-ipc";
 import {
   disableLegacyLoginItem,
   wasOpenedByLegacyLoginItem,
@@ -125,6 +131,9 @@ let runtimeSupervisor: RuntimeSupervisor | null = null;
 let runtimeDataDir: string | null = null;
 let preserveManagedRuntimeOnQuit = false;
 let disposeTray: (() => void) | null = null;
+let disposeApplicationMenu: (() => void) | null = null;
+let languagePreferences: LanguagePreferences | null = null;
+let disposeLanguagePreferences: (() => void) | null = null;
 const displayWindows = new Set<BrowserWindow>();
 let disposeDisplayPreferences: (() => void) | null = null;
 let disposeSourceDirectoryPicker: (() => void) | null = null;
@@ -146,6 +155,7 @@ installEarlyStartupErrorHandler({
     process.env.ONE_MEMORY_DATA_DIR?.trim() ||
     path.join(app.getPath("home"), ".one-memory"),
   stderr: process.stderr,
+  readLocale: () => languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
   showError: (title, message) => dialog.showErrorBox(title, message),
   exit: (code) => app.exit(code),
 });
@@ -274,7 +284,16 @@ let appProtocolInstalled = false;
 function installPackagedWebProtocol(): void {
   if (!app.isPackaged || appProtocolInstalled) return;
   installAppProtocol(path.join(process.resourcesPath, "web"), {
-    startupScreen: startupScreenHtml,
+    // Preferences are open by now: beforeNativeUi runs before this window.
+    startupScreen: () => {
+      let locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN";
+      try {
+        locale = languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN";
+      } catch {
+        // An unreadable preference keeps the Chinese placeholder.
+      }
+      return startupScreenHtml(locale);
+    },
   });
   appProtocolInstalled = true;
 }
@@ -1076,6 +1095,26 @@ async function initialize(isQuitting: () => boolean): Promise<void> {
   };
 
   try {
+    if (languagePreferences) {
+      disposeLanguagePreferences = installLanguagePreferencesIpc({
+        ipc: ipcMain,
+        preferences: languagePreferences,
+        requireTrustedWindow,
+        broadcast: (snapshot) => {
+          for (const window of displayWindows) {
+            try {
+              assertTrustedWindow(window);
+              window.webContents.mainFrame.send(
+                "one-memory:language-preference-changed",
+                snapshot,
+              );
+            } catch {
+              // Navigation/destruction races must never leak to another document.
+            }
+          }
+        },
+      });
+    }
     disposeDisplayPreferences = installDisplayPreferences();
     disposeSourceDirectoryPicker = installSourceDirectoryPicker();
     if (appManagedRuntime) {
@@ -1292,10 +1331,20 @@ async function initialize(isQuitting: () => boolean): Promise<void> {
       });
       void dialog.showMessageBox({
         type: "warning",
-        message: "请先将 MemHub 拖到“应用程序”文件夹",
-        detail:
-          "从“应用程序”重新打开后，MemHub 才会接入其他应用并安装命令行工具。",
-        buttons: ["知道了"],
+        message: translate(
+          languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+          "nativeMoveTitle",
+        ),
+        detail: translate(
+          languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+          "nativeMoveDetail",
+        ),
+        buttons: [
+          translate(
+            languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+            "nativeAcknowledge",
+          ),
+        ],
       });
     } else if (
       trialProfile === null &&
@@ -1462,14 +1511,21 @@ if (desktopVersion !== null) {
     platform: process.platform,
     background: desktopBackgroundLaunch,
     prepare: prepareProtocol,
+    beforeNativeUi: async () => {
+      languagePreferences = await LanguagePreferences.open(
+        app.getPath("userData"),
+        preferredSystemLanguage(app),
+      );
+    },
     initialize,
     createWindow,
     showStartupWindow: createStartupWindow,
     revealStartupWindow,
     getWindows: () => [...displayWindows],
     installTray: (open) => {
-      installApplicationMenu({
+      disposeApplicationMenu = installApplicationMenu({
         productName: app.getName(),
+        language: languagePreferences ?? undefined,
         buildMenu: (template) => Menu.buildFromTemplate(template),
         setMenu: (menu) => Menu.setApplicationMenu(menu),
         exportLogs: async () => {
@@ -1481,6 +1537,7 @@ if (desktopVersion !== null) {
       });
       disposeTray = installBackgroundTray({
         app,
+        language: languagePreferences ?? undefined,
         platform: process.platform,
         resourcesPath: process.resourcesPath,
         appPath: app.getAppPath(),
@@ -1525,6 +1582,9 @@ if (desktopVersion !== null) {
         ...(coreSupervisor ? { instance_id: coreSupervisor.instanceId } : {}),
       });
       // An admitted native effect must settle and journal before Runtime detach.
+      disposeLanguagePreferences?.();
+      disposeLanguagePreferences = null;
+      await languagePreferences?.drain();
       await connectionSetup?.drain();
       // BUG-12: stopping the supervisor only releases this process's handles. In
       // a packaged build the Runtime is its own process and was left running
@@ -1573,6 +1633,10 @@ if (desktopVersion !== null) {
       });
     },
     dispose: () => {
+      disposeLanguagePreferences?.();
+      disposeLanguagePreferences = null;
+      disposeApplicationMenu?.();
+      disposeApplicationMenu = null;
       connectionSetup?.dispose();
       disposeDiagnostics?.();
       disposeDiagnostics = null;
@@ -1594,7 +1658,10 @@ if (desktopVersion !== null) {
         error instanceof Error ? error.name : "UnknownError",
       );
       dialog.showErrorBox(
-        "MemHub 无法启动",
+        translate(
+          languagePreferences?.read().locale ?? "zh-CN",
+          "nativeErrorTitle",
+        ),
         error instanceof Error ? error.message : "desktop_unavailable",
       );
     },

memhub/apps/desktop/src/native-language.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import type { LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+
+/** Shared committed GUI language for native menus, tray, and dialogs. */
+export interface NativeLanguageSource {
+  read(): LanguageSnapshot;
+  subscribe(listener: (snapshot: LanguageSnapshot) => void): () => void;
+}

memhub/apps/desktop/src/preload-sandbox.test.ts

@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@ it("loads the production preload in a sandbox with Electron as its only module",
     const bridge = exposed as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
     expect(bridge.getApiBaseUrl).toBeTypeOf("function");
     expect(bridge.getApiToken).toBeTypeOf("function");
+    expect(bridge.getLanguagePreference).toBeTypeOf("function");
+    expect(bridge.setLanguagePreference).toBeTypeOf("function");
+    expect(bridge.onLanguagePreferenceChanged).toBeTypeOf("function");
   } finally {
     rmSync(output, { recursive: true, force: true });
   }

memhub/apps/desktop/src/preload.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ import type {
   RecallInstallPreview,
   RecallUninstallPreview,
 } from "@one-memory/host-bridge/installer";
+import {
+  isLanguagePreference,
+  isLanguageSnapshot,
+  type LanguagePreference,
+  type LanguageSnapshot,
+} from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import type { BackgroundHealth } from "@one-memory/runtime-control";
 import { contextBridge, ipcRenderer } from "electron";
 import type { DebugLogSnapshot } from "./diagnostics-ipc";
@@ -34,12 +40,60 @@ declare const __ONE_MEMORY_VERSION__: string;
 declare const __ONE_MEMORY_BUILD_NUMBER__: string;
 declare const __ONE_MEMORY_COMMIT__: string;
 
+function languageSnapshot(payload: unknown): LanguageSnapshot {
+  if (!isLanguageSnapshot(payload))
+    throw Error("language_preferences_unavailable");
+  return {
+    preference: payload.preference,
+    locale: payload.locale,
+    revision: payload.revision,
+  };
+}
+
 contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld("oneMemory", {
   getBuildInfo: () => ({
     version: __ONE_MEMORY_VERSION__,
     buildNumber: __ONE_MEMORY_BUILD_NUMBER__,
     commit: __ONE_MEMORY_COMMIT__,
   }),
+  getLanguagePreference: async (): Promise<LanguageSnapshot> =>
+    languageSnapshot(
+      await ipcRenderer.invoke("one-memory:get-language-preference"),
+    ),
+  setLanguagePreference: async (
+    preference: LanguagePreference,
+  ): Promise<LanguageSnapshot> => {
+    if (!isLanguagePreference(preference))
+      throw Error("invalid_language_preference");
+    return languageSnapshot(
+      await ipcRenderer.invoke(
+        "one-memory:set-language-preference",
+        preference,
+      ),
+    );
+  },
+  onLanguagePreferenceChanged: (
+    listener: (value: LanguageSnapshot) => void,
+  ): (() => void) => {
+    if (typeof listener !== "function")
+      throw Error("invalid_language_preference_listener");
+    const handler = (_event: unknown, payload: unknown) => {
+      if (isLanguageSnapshot(payload)) listener(languageSnapshot(payload));
+    };
+    let subscribed = true;
+    const unsubscribe = () => {
+      if (!subscribed) return;
+      subscribed = false;
+      ipcRenderer.removeListener(
+        "one-memory:language-preference-changed",
+        handler,
+      );
+      window.removeEventListener("unload", unsubscribe);
+    };
+    ipcRenderer.on("one-memory:language-preference-changed", handler);
+    window.addEventListener("unload", unsubscribe, { once: true });
+    return unsubscribe;
+  },
   getDebugLogs: (): Promise<DebugLogSnapshot> =>
     ipcRenderer.invoke("one-memory:get-debug-logs"),
   logUiTrace: (input: {

memhub/apps/desktop/src/startup-screen.test.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,16 @@ describe("startup screen", () => {
     expect(html).not.toContain("oneMemory");
     expect(html).not.toContain("ipcRenderer");
   });
+  it("speaks the interface language and keeps Chinese by default", () => {
+    expect(startupScreenHtml()).toContain('<html lang="zh-CN">');
+    expect(startupScreenHtml()).toContain("正在启动，正在准备记忆服务…");
+    const spanish = startupScreenHtml("es");
+    expect(spanish).toContain('<html lang="es">');
+    expect(spanish).toContain(
+      "Iniciando y preparando el servicio de memorias…",
+    );
+    expect(spanish).not.toMatch(/[一-鿿]/);
+  });
   it("is served from the app origin, not from the web bundle", () => {
     expect(STARTUP_SCREEN_URL).toBe("one-memory://app/__startup");
   });

memhub/apps/desktop/src/startup-screen.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { APP_ORIGIN, STARTUP_SCREEN_PATH } from "./app-protocol";
 
 export const STARTUP_SCREEN_URL = `${APP_ORIGIN}${STARTUP_SCREEN_PATH}`;
@@ -10,9 +11,9 @@ export const STARTUP_SCREEN_URL = `${APP_ORIGIN}${STARTUP_SCREEN_PATH}`;
  * the gap. It deliberately makes no IPC calls: it renders before `initialize`
  * has registered any handler, and anything it asked for would fail.
  */
-export function startupScreenHtml(): string {
+export function startupScreenHtml(locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN"): string {
   return `<!doctype html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="${locale}">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8" />
     <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'none'; style-src 'unsafe-inline'" />
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ export function startupScreenHtml(): string {
   <body>
     <main>
       <h1>MemHub</h1>
-      <p>正在启动，正在准备记忆服务…</p>
+      <p>${translate(locale, "startupPreparing")}</p>
       <div class="bar"><span></span></div>
     </main>
   </body>

memhub/apps/desktop/tsup.config.ts

@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@ export default defineConfig({
   noExternal: [
     "@one-memory/host-bridge",
     "@one-memory/contracts",
+    "@one-memory/i18n",
     "@one-memory/runtime-control",
     "axios",
+    "i18next",
     "https-proxy-agent",
     "proxy-from-env",
   ],

memhub/apps/web/package.json

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@one-memory/contracts": "workspace:*",
+    "@one-memory/i18n": "workspace:*",
     "@one-memory/operations": "workspace:*",
     "@tanstack/react-query": "^5.103.2",
     "axios": "^1.20.0",

memhub/apps/web/src/App.r6.test.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,31 @@ import {
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { App } from "./App";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+
+it("localizes shared navigation and footer in Spanish", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <App />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const nav = await screen.findByRole("navigation", {
+    name: "Navegación principal",
+  });
+  expect(
+    within(nav)
+      .getAllByRole("button")
+      .map((button) => button.textContent),
+  ).toEqual(["Aplicaciones", "Memorias", "Configuración"]);
+  expect(within(nav).getByRole("button", { name: "Configuración" }).title).toBe(
+    "Configuración",
+  );
+  expect(screen.getAllByText("Almacenamiento local").length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("link", { name: "Saltar al contenido principal" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+});
 
 const memoryProps = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 

memhub/apps/web/src/App.tsx

@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@ import {
   CALL_HISTORY_ENTRY_VISIBLE,
 } from "./ApplicationsHome";
 import { getOnboarding } from "./api";
+import { useApplicationsLanguage } from "./applications-language";
 import { CallHistory } from "./CallHistory";
 import { DebugLogPanel } from "./DebugLogPanel";
 import { DesktopFrame } from "./DesktopFrame";
 import { FirstUseGuide } from "./FirstUseGuide";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { HealthPanel } from "./HealthPanel";
 import { ImportProgressStrip } from "./ImportProgressStrip";
 import { MatterWorkspace } from "./MatterWorkspace";
@@ -64,6 +66,8 @@ export function App() {
 }
 
 function AppContent() {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const { a } = useApplicationsLanguage();
   const [onboarding, setOnboarding] = useState<OnboardingState | null>(null);
   const [startupRead, setStartupRead] = useState<"loading" | "ready" | "error">(
     "loading",
@@ -216,19 +220,19 @@ function AppContent() {
         {startupRead === "error" ? (
           <div className="boot-status">
             <p className="error-banner" role="alert">
-              暂时无法读取启动状态，请重试。
+              {t("startupReadError")}
             </p>
             <R6Button
               onClick={() => {
                 if (!startupFlight.current) readStartup();
               }}
             >
-              重新读取
+              {t("startupRetry")}
             </R6Button>
           </div>
         ) : (
           <p className="boot-status" aria-live="polite">
-            正在打开 MemHub…
+            {t("startupOpening")}
           </p>
         )}
       </main>
@@ -264,9 +268,9 @@ function AppContent() {
           the text it used to contain. */}
       <header className="r6-titlebar" />
       <a className="skip-link" href="#main-content">
-        跳到主要内容
+        {a("skip")}
       </a>
-      <nav className="app-rail" aria-label="主要导航">
+      <nav className="app-rail" aria-label={a("navigation")}>
         <div className="brand-mark" title="MemHub">
           <Layers3 size={21} strokeWidth={1.6} aria-hidden="true" />
           <span>MemHub</span>
@@ -285,7 +289,7 @@ function AppContent() {
               key={destination}
               active={displayedView === destination}
               tourId={destination === "sources" ? "nav-sources" : undefined}
-              label={destination === "memory" ? "记忆" : "应用"}
+              label={a(destination === "memory" ? "navMemories" : "apps")}
               icon={
                 destination === "memory" ? (
                   <Network size={19} />
@@ -308,16 +312,13 @@ function AppContent() {
           <RailButton
             active={displayedView === "settings" || displayedView === "health"}
             tourId="nav-settings"
-            label="设置"
+            label={t("settings")}
             icon={<Settings size={18} />}
             onClick={() => navigate("settings")}
           />
-          <p
-            className="rail-core"
-            title="记忆保存在本机；使用云模型整理或交给已授权的助手时，相关内容会发送给对应服务。"
-          >
+          <p className="rail-core" title={a("localHint")}>
             <span aria-hidden="true" />
-            本地存储
+            {a("local")}
           </p>
         </div>
       </nav>
@@ -439,7 +440,7 @@ function AppContent() {
               onClick={() => navigate("settings")}
             >
               <ArrowLeft size={16} />
-              设置
+              {t("settings")}
             </button>
             <HealthPanel imports={imports} />
           </>
@@ -511,6 +512,7 @@ function RailButton({
       className={`rail-button${active ? " active" : ""}`}
       aria-current={active ? "page" : undefined}
       data-tour-id={tourId}
+      title={label}
       onClick={onClick}
     >
       <span className="rail-icon" aria-hidden="true">

memhub/apps/web/src/ApplicationDetail.test.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,32 @@ import {
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { ApplicationDetail } from "./ApplicationDetail";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+
+it("translates application detail live without triggering extra reads or writes", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const refresh = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ sources: [source] });
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <ApplicationDetail {...props} refresh={refresh} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Detalles de la aplicación" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("switch", { name: "Sincronización" })).toBeTruthy();
+  await waitFor(() => expect(refresh).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1));
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  await act(async () =>
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", { key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY }),
+    ),
+  );
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "应用详情" })).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(refresh).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  expect(props.setSync).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+
 import { saveConnectionPreferences } from "./connection-preferences";
 import { resetConnectionReconcile } from "./connection-reconcile";
 import { commitSources } from "./source-state";
@@ -576,6 +602,109 @@ it("shows insertion still on when neither removal nor revocation succeeded", asy
   );
 });
 
+let languageListener: ((snapshot: unknown) => void) | undefined;
+function switchLanguage(locale: "es" | "zh-CN", revision: number) {
+  act(() => languageListener?.({ preference: locale, locale, revision }));
+}
+async function failDisconnectInSpanish() {
+  const oneMemory = window.oneMemory as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  oneMemory.getLanguagePreference = vi.fn(async () => ({
+    preference: "es",
+    locale: "es",
+    revision: 1,
+  }));
+  oneMemory.onLanguagePreferenceChanged = vi.fn(
+    (listener: (snapshot: unknown) => void) => {
+      languageListener = listener;
+      return () => {};
+    },
+  );
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <ApplicationDetail
+        {...props}
+        source={opencode}
+        sources={[opencode]}
+        refresh={vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ sources: [opencode] })}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const insertion = await screen.findByRole("switch", {
+    name: "Conectar con un clic",
+  });
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(insertion.getAttribute("aria-checked")).toBe("true"),
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(insertion);
+  return insertion;
+}
+
+it("words a failed turn-off with its reason in Spanish, without Chinese punctuation", async () => {
+  editedHostBridge({ revokeFails: true });
+  await failDisconnectInSpanish();
+  const alert = await screen.findByText(/No se pudo eliminar la conexión/);
+  expect(alert.textContent).toBe(
+    "No se pudo eliminar la conexión ni revocar el permiso. OpenCode aún puede usar memorias. Reintenta. Motivo: El canal de control de la aplicación no está disponible.",
+  );
+  expect(alert.textContent).not.toMatch(/[。：；，]/);
+});
+
+it("re-words a visible failure when the language changes, without new writes", async () => {
+  const bridge = editedHostBridge({ revokeFails: true });
+  await failDisconnectInSpanish();
+  await screen.findByText(/Motivo: El canal de control/);
+  const reads = (
+    window.oneMemory as unknown as {
+      getRecallHosts: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+    }
+  ).getRecallHosts;
+  const readCount = reads.mock.calls.length;
+  const revokes = bridge.revokeRecallPermission.mock.calls.length;
+  switchLanguage("zh-CN", 2);
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByText(
+      "连接未能移除，记忆权限也未能撤销，OpenCode 仍可使用记忆，请重试。原因：应用控制通道暂不可用。",
+    ),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  switchLanguage("es", 3);
+  expect(await screen.findByText(/Motivo: El canal de control/)).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(bridge.revokeRecallPermission.mock.calls.length).toBe(revokes);
+  expect(bridge.uninstallRecall).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(reads.mock.calls.length).toBe(readCount);
+});
+
+it("omits the reason in Spanish when the failure has no known cause", async () => {
+  editedHostBridge({ revokeFails: true });
+  const oneMemory = window.oneMemory as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  oneMemory.previewRecallUninstall = vi.fn(async () => {
+    throw Error("something_unknown");
+  });
+  oneMemory.revokeRecallPermission = vi.fn(async () => {
+    throw Error("something_unknown");
+  });
+  await failDisconnectInSpanish();
+  const alert = await screen.findByText(/No se pudo eliminar la conexión/);
+  expect(alert.textContent).toBe(
+    "No se pudo eliminar la conexión ni revocar el permiso. OpenCode aún puede usar memorias. Reintenta.",
+  );
+});
+
+it("adds the failed re-read note in Spanish after the reason", async () => {
+  editedHostBridge({ revokeFails: true });
+  const oneMemory = window.oneMemory as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const getRecallHosts = oneMemory.getRecallHosts as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  const revoke = oneMemory.revokeRecallPermission as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  revoke.mockImplementation(async () => {
+    getRecallHosts.mockRejectedValue(Error("offline"));
+    throw Error("host_control_unavailable");
+  });
+  await failDisconnectInSpanish();
+  const alert = await screen.findByText(/No se pudo eliminar la conexión/);
+  expect(alert.textContent).toBe(
+    "No se pudo eliminar la conexión ni revocar el permiso. OpenCode aún puede usar memorias. Reintenta. Motivo: El canal de control de la aplicación no está disponible. Tampoco se pudo volver a leer la conexión; el estado mostrado podría no estar actualizado.",
+  );
+});
+
 it("explains why an app without a revocable connection cannot be inserted", async () => {
   const pi = {
     ...source,

memhub/apps/web/src/ApplicationDetail.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { SourceResponse } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import type { MessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { AppMark } from "./app-mark";
 import { connectionHostId, preferenceHasSource } from "./connection-hosts";
@@ -14,7 +15,6 @@ import {
   hostCapabilities,
   hostConnectionApproved,
   hostConnectionUnsupported,
-  hostFailureNote,
   hostRereadFailed,
   hostWriteReason,
   matchHost,
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   UNSUPPORTED_NOTE,
   useRecallHosts,
 } from "./host-state";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { R6Button, R6Switch } from "./R6Controls";
 import {
   latestSource,
@@ -32,16 +33,20 @@ import {
 } from "./source-state";
 import "./application-detail.css";
 
+/** A failed host write as data: worded only when rendered. */
+type HostFailure = { reason: string | null; rereadFailed: boolean };
+type InstallError = {
+  key: MessageKey;
+  params: Record<string, string>;
+  failure?: HostFailure;
+};
+
 const SYNC_UNCONFIRMED = "此应用的处理开关结果未能确认，其他应用不受影响。";
 // D97: the single sync switch now governs both taking in new data and
 // generating memories, so the separate read-permission switch is hidden, not
 // removed — flip this back to restore it without digging through history.
 const MEMORY_PERMISSION_SECTION_VISIBLE = false;
 
-function connectFailure(reason: string | null, rereadFailed = false) {
-  return `此应用的一键接入未完成，其他应用不受影响。${hostFailureNote(reason, rereadFailed)}`;
-}
-
 function connectionLabel(input: {
   approved: boolean;
   insertionOn: boolean;
@@ -85,6 +90,13 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
   refresh(): Promise<{ sources: SourceResponse[] }>;
   onBack(): void;
 }) {
+  const { text, t, locale } = useOnboardingTranslation();
+  /** Word a host failure at render time so a language switch re-words it. */
+  function failureNote({ reason, rereadFailed }: HostFailure) {
+    return `${reason ? t("appFailureReason", { reason: text(reason) }) : ""}${
+      rereadFailed ? t("appFailureReread") : ""
+    }`;
+  }
   const source = useSource(given);
   const hosts = useRecallHosts().data;
   const [read, setRead] = useState<{
@@ -98,7 +110,7 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
   const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false);
   const [refreshError, setRefreshError] = useState(false);
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
-  const [installError, setInstallError] = useState("");
+  const [installError, setInstallError] = useState<string | InstallError>("");
   const [syncing, setSyncing] = useState(false);
   const [syncError, setSyncError] = useState("");
   const [memoryPending, setMemoryPending] = useState(false);
@@ -305,7 +317,15 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
   });
   const hostId =
     host?.hostId ?? connectionHostId(source.source_id) ?? source.source_id;
-  const hostError = installError;
+  const hostError =
+    typeof installError === "string"
+      ? text(installError)
+      : t(installError.key, {
+          ...installError.params,
+          ...(installError.failure
+            ? { reason: failureNote(installError.failure) }
+            : {}),
+        });
   async function applyInsertion(enabled: boolean) {
     const bridge = window.oneMemory;
     if (!bridge) return;
@@ -318,27 +338,30 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
     const { outcome } = await disconnectHost(hostId);
     if (outcome.state === "failed")
       throw Object.assign(Error("disconnect_failed"), {
-        note: hostFailureNote(outcome.reason, outcome.rereadFailed),
+        failure: {
+          reason: outcome.reason,
+          rereadFailed: outcome.rereadFailed,
+        } satisfies HostFailure,
       });
     setLink(null);
     if (outcome.state === "review")
-      setInstallError(
-        `${
+      setInstallError({
+        key:
           outcome.permission?.receipt?.status === "revoked"
-            ? `已撤销记忆权限，${source.display_name} 已查不到记忆。但`
-            : ""
-        }无法确认连接已全部移除，需要你手动核对：${outcome.findings
-          .map((finding) => `${finding.path}（${finding.where}）`)
-          .join("；")}。`,
-      );
+            ? "appRevokedReview"
+            : "appRemovalReview",
+        params: {
+          name: source.display_name,
+          paths: outcome.findings
+            .map((finding) => `${finding.path}（${finding.where}）`)
+            .join("；"),
+        },
+      });
     if (outcome.state === "revoked")
-      setInstallError(
-        `已撤销记忆权限，${source.display_name} 已查不到记忆。${
-          outcome.configEdited
-            ? "配置文件被改过，MemHub 没有自动删除；请手动移除其中的 MemHub 连接。"
-            : "连接文件没有移除，请重新核对。"
-        }`,
-      );
+      setInstallError({
+        key: outcome.configEdited ? "appRevokedModified" : "appRevokedRetained",
+        params: { name: source.display_name },
+      });
   }
   async function changeInsertion(enabled: boolean) {
     writeConnectionPreference("host", source.source_id, enabled);
@@ -364,10 +387,22 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
           // shows the grant that is really still there after the re-read.
           setInstallError(
             wanted
-              ? connectFailure(hostWriteReason(error), hostRereadFailed(error))
-              : `连接未能移除，记忆权限也未能撤销，${source.display_name} 仍可使用记忆，请重试。${
-                  (error as { note?: string }).note ?? ""
-                }`,
+              ? {
+                  key: "appConnectFailed",
+                  params: {},
+                  failure: {
+                    reason: hostWriteReason(error),
+                    rereadFailed: hostRereadFailed(error),
+                  },
+                }
+              : {
+                  key: "appDisconnectFailed",
+                  params: { name: source.display_name },
+                  failure: (error as { failure?: HostFailure }).failure ?? {
+                    reason: null,
+                    rereadFailed: false,
+                  },
+                },
           );
         }
       }
@@ -453,12 +488,14 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
             );
           } else if (!wanted) setHostRestartNotice("");
         } catch (error) {
-          setInstallError(
-            `此应用的记忆使用权限未能确认，请重试。${hostFailureNote(
-              hostWriteReason(error),
-              hostRereadFailed(error),
-            )}`,
-          );
+          setInstallError({
+            key: "appPermissionFailed",
+            params: {},
+            failure: {
+              reason: hostWriteReason(error),
+              rereadFailed: hostRereadFailed(error),
+            },
+          });
         }
       }
     } finally {
@@ -472,11 +509,11 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
   return (
     <section
       className="r6-app-detail"
-      aria-label={`${source.display_name} 应用设置`}
+      aria-label={t("appSettingsTitle", { name: source.display_name })}
     >
-      <h1 className="r6-app-detail-title">应用详情</h1>
+      <h1 className="r6-app-detail-title">{text("应用详情")}</h1>
       <R6Button variant="quiet" onClick={onBack}>
-        返回应用
+        {text("返回应用")}
       </R6Button>
       <header>
         <span className="r6-app-detail-icon">
@@ -484,31 +521,33 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
         </span>
         <div>
           <h2>{source.display_name}</h2>
-          <p>{syncStatus}</p>
+          <p>{text(syncStatus)}</p>
         </div>
       </header>
       <div className="r6-app-settings">
         <section className="r6-app-setting">
           <div>
-            <h2>同步开关</h2>
-            <p>开启后处理历史待办，并持续接收此应用的新会话。</p>
+            <h2>{text("同步开关")}</h2>
+            <p>{text("开启后处理历史待办，并持续接收此应用的新会话。")}</p>
             {syncing && syncChecked && (
               <p role="status">
-                正在读取已有对话，首次开启可能需要一两分钟，请不要重复点击。
+                {text(
+                  "正在读取已有对话，首次开启可能需要一两分钟，请不要重复点击。",
+                )}
               </p>
             )}
             {backfillNotice && (
               <p role="status">
-                将补充冻结期间的新对话；原有 pending Job 继续处理。
+                {text("将补充冻结期间的新对话；原有 pending Job 继续处理。")}
               </p>
             )}
             {!syncing && authorizationNote && (
-              <p role="status">{authorizationNote}</p>
+              <p role="status">{text(authorizationNote)}</p>
             )}
-            {syncError && <p role="alert">{syncError}</p>}
+            {syncError && <p role="alert">{text(syncError)}</p>}
           </div>
           <R6Switch
-            label="同步开关"
+            label={text("同步开关")}
             checked={syncChecked}
             pending={syncing}
             disabled={
@@ -520,19 +559,19 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
         </section>
         <section className="r6-app-setting">
           <div>
-            <h2>一键插入应用</h2>
-            <p>安装记忆连接，并默认允许此应用使用已授权记忆。</p>
+            <h2>{text("一键插入应用")}</h2>
+            <p>{text("安装记忆连接，并默认允许此应用使用已授权记忆。")}</p>
             {unsupported && (
-              <p>{`${source.display_name} ${UNSUPPORTED_NOTE}`}</p>
+              <p>{`${source.display_name} ${text(UNSUPPORTED_NOTE)}`}</p>
             )}
             {hostError && <p role="alert">{hostError}</p>}
-            {appLocationNote && <p role="status">{appLocationNote}</p>}
+            {appLocationNote && <p role="status">{text(appLocationNote)}</p>}
             {hostRestartNotice ? (
-              <p role="status">{hostRestartNotice}</p>
+              <p role="status">{text(hostRestartNotice)}</p>
             ) : null}
           </div>
           <R6Switch
-            label="一键插入应用"
+            label={text("一键插入应用")}
             checked={insertionChecked}
             pending={installing}
             disabled={
@@ -549,11 +588,11 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
         {MEMORY_PERMISSION_SECTION_VISIBLE && (
           <section className="r6-app-setting">
             <div>
-              <h2>允许使用记忆</h2>
-              <p>让 {source.display_name} 查询已授权范围内的记忆。</p>
+              <h2>{text("允许使用记忆")}</h2>
+              <p>{t("appMemoryScope", { name: source.display_name })}</p>
             </div>
             <R6Switch
-              label="允许使用记忆"
+              label={text("允许使用记忆")}
               checked={memoryChecked}
               pending={memoryPending}
               disabled={
@@ -567,30 +606,38 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
         )}
         <section className="r6-app-setting">
           <div>
-            <h2>连接状态</h2>
+            <h2>{text("连接状态")}</h2>
             {refreshError && (
               <p role="alert">
-                暂时无法刷新来源状态，请重试；未更改同步或读取权限。
+                {text("暂时无法刷新来源状态，请重试；未更改同步或读取权限。")}
               </p>
             )}
             {readFailed && (
-              <p role="alert">暂时无法读取连接状态，当前状态待核对；请重试。</p>
-            )}
-            {probeState && probeState !== "wired" && (
-              <p>
-                {`记忆工具没有进到 ${source.display_name} 当前对话。完全退出 ${source.display_name} 后重新打开，新对话里才会出现。`}
+              <p role="alert">
+                {text("暂时无法读取连接状态，当前状态待核对；请重试。")}
               </p>
             )}
+            {probeState && probeState !== "wired" && (
+              <p>{t("appRestart", { name: source.display_name })}</p>
+            )}
             {probeState === "wired" && (
-              <p>已接通。已经打开的对话不会中途出现这个工具，请新开一轮。</p>
+              <p>
+                {text(
+                  "已接通。已经打开的对话不会中途出现这个工具，请新开一轮。",
+                )}
+              </p>
             )}
             {linkFailed && (
               <p role="alert">
-                本次连接探测失败，当前状态待核对；未把上次读取当作本次成功。
+                {text(
+                  "本次连接探测失败，当前状态待核对；未把上次读取当作本次成功。",
+                )}
               </p>
             )}
             {checkedAt && !stale && current?.state === "ready" && (
-              <small>上次读取：{new Date(checkedAt).toLocaleString()}</small>
+              <small>
+                {text("上次读取")}: {new Date(checkedAt).toLocaleString(locale)}
+              </small>
             )}
           </div>
           <div className="r6-app-detail-actions">
@@ -600,7 +647,7 @@ export function ApplicationDetail({
               aria-busy={probing || undefined}
               onClick={() => void reread()}
             >
-              <span>{stateText}</span>
+              <span>{text(stateText)}</span>
               {probing ? (
                 <span className="r6-button-spinner" aria-hidden="true" />
               ) : null}

memhub/apps/web/src/ApplicationsHome.test.tsx

@@ -17,8 +17,54 @@ import {
 import * as api from "./api";
 import { saveConnectionPreferences } from "./connection-preferences";
 import { resetConnectionReconcile } from "./connection-reconcile";
+import { LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { queryClient, resetClient } from "./query-client";
 
+it("localizes the whole home live without repeating reads or changing imported text", async () => {
+  let change:
+    | ((snapshot: {
+        preference: "es" | "zh-CN";
+        locale: "es" | "zh-CN";
+        revision: number;
+      }) => void)
+    | undefined;
+  Object.assign(window.oneMemory ?? {}, {
+    getLanguagePreference: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn((listener) => {
+      change = listener;
+      return () => {};
+    }),
+  });
+  render(<LanguageProvider>{mountHome()}</LanguageProvider>);
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Aplicaciones", level: 1 });
+  await screen.findByText("实际治理记忆");
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("region", { name: "Resumen de memorias" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Servicio activo")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("2 aplicaciones conectadas")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getAllByRole("button", { name: "Ver detalles" })).toHaveLength(
+    3,
+  );
+  const calls = summary.mock.calls.length;
+  fireEvent.click(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Ver las 5 aplicaciones" }),
+  );
+  act(() => change?.({ preference: "zh-CN", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 2 }));
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "全部应用", level: 1 }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("App 4")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(summary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(calls);
+  act(() => change?.({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 3 }));
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Todas las aplicaciones", level: 1 }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(summary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(calls);
+});
+
 const {
   summary,
   processing,
@@ -114,6 +160,58 @@ beforeEach(() => {
     ]),
   } as unknown as NonNullable<typeof window.oneMemory>;
 });
+it.each([
+  [true, "Organizando", "Organizando nuevas conversaciones"],
+  [false, "En pausa", "Se dejó de generar memorias nuevas"],
+])(
+  "renders the Spanish sedimentation state without extra requests: %s",
+  async (enabled, label, detail) => {
+    // Task rows still running must not override the sedimentation switch.
+    processing.mockResolvedValue({ running: 3, pending: 10 });
+    sedimentation.mockResolvedValue({
+      enabled,
+      pending_retained: true,
+      imports_unaffected: true,
+    });
+    Object.assign(window.oneMemory ?? {}, {
+      getLanguagePreference: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+      onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
+    });
+    render(<LanguageProvider>{mountHome()}</LanguageProvider>);
+    expect(await screen.findAllByText(label)).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(screen.getByText(detail)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(sedimentation).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  },
+);
+it("localizes failure and empty states without leaking errors", async () => {
+  summary.mockRejectedValue(new Error("synthetic_private_error"));
+  Object.assign(window.oneMemory ?? {}, {
+    getLanguagePreference: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
+  });
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <ApplicationsHome
+        imports={{ ...imports, sources: [] }}
+        onManage={() => {}}
+        onMemories={() => {}}
+        onSettings={() => {}}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByText("No se puede leer el estado de las memorias"),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Aún no hay aplicaciones para mostrar")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Reintentar lectura" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain("synthetic_private_error");
+});
 it("hides a debug-frame dialogue excerpt from 最近更新 and falls back to memory", async () => {
   recentConversations.mockResolvedValue({
     items: [
@@ -498,6 +596,41 @@ it("warns only after three consecutive timeouts and keeps them out of app rows",
     expect(screen.queryByRole("button", { name: "查看记录" })).toBeNull();
   }
 });
+it("shows the consecutive-timeout warning in Spanish with the host name", async () => {
+  history.mockResolvedValue({
+    available: true,
+    recording_error: false,
+    items: Array.from({ length: 3 }, (_, index) => ({
+      event_id: `timeout-es-${index}`,
+      host_id: "workbuddy",
+      tool: "om_recall",
+      state: "timed_out",
+      occurred_at: new Date(Date.now() - index * 1000).toISOString(),
+      memory_count: 0,
+      raw_count: 0,
+      references: [],
+    })),
+  });
+  Object.assign(window.oneMemory ?? {}, {
+    getLanguagePreference: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
+  });
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <ApplicationsHome
+        imports={imports}
+        onManage={() => {}}
+        onMemories={() => {}}
+        onSettings={() => {}}
+        onCalls={() => {}}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const warning = await screen.findByText(/Las últimas consultas de WorkBuddy/);
+  expect(warning.textContent).not.toMatch(/[\u4e00-\u9fff]/);
+});
 it("uses live-sync success time for an application row", async () => {
   liveSync.mockResolvedValue([
     {
@@ -1294,3 +1427,36 @@ describe("运行状态卡：一次失败的刷新不能让卡片继续说在运
     expect(screen.getByText("601")).toBeTruthy();
   });
 });
+
+it("words an automatic sync failure and its reason in Spanish", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(
+    "one-memory.connection-preferences.v1",
+    JSON.stringify({ version: 1, syncSourceIds: ["app-0"], hostSourceIds: [] }),
+  );
+  queryClient.setQueryData(["connection-auto"], {
+    running: [],
+    attempted: ["app-0"],
+    failures: [
+      {
+        kind: "sync",
+        sourceId: "app-0",
+        reason: "此应用的读取授权已撤销，请重新授权。",
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  Object.assign(window.oneMemory ?? {}, {
+    getLanguagePreference: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
+  });
+  render(<LanguageProvider>{mountHome()}</LanguageProvider>);
+  const notice = await screen.findByText(
+    /No se pudo activar la sincronización continua de App 0\./,
+  );
+  expect(notice.textContent).toContain(
+    "Se revocó el permiso de lectura de esta aplicación. Vuelve a autorizarla.",
+  );
+  expect(notice.textContent).not.toMatch(/[一-鿿]/);
+  localStorage.removeItem("one-memory.connection-preferences.v1");
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/ApplicationsHome.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type {
   RecentConversationItem,
   SourceResponse,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import { type GuiLocale, isMessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { ArrowLeft, ArrowRight } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useId, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { flushSync } from "react-dom";
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ import {
   retryAutoReconcile,
   useAutoConnect,
 } from "./connection-reconcile";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { HomeCardBoundary } from "./HomeCardBoundary";
 import {
   hostBridgeAvailable,
@@ -70,13 +72,15 @@ function presentableDialogue(text: string): boolean {
 
 const retainedViews = new WeakMap<object, HomeViewState>();
 
-function clockParts(value: string) {
+type Translate = ReturnType<typeof useGuiLanguage>["t"];
+
+function clockParts(value: string, locale: GuiLocale) {
   const ms = Date.parse(value);
   if (!Number.isFinite(ms)) return null;
   const date = new Date(ms);
   const now = new Date();
   return {
-    clock: new Intl.DateTimeFormat("zh-CN", {
+    clock: new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
       hour: "2-digit",
       minute: "2-digit",
     }).format(date),
@@ -87,16 +91,17 @@ function clockParts(value: string) {
   };
 }
 
-function stamped(value: string, suffix = "") {
-  const parts = clockParts(value);
-  if (!parts) return `时间未知${suffix}`;
-  return `${parts.today ? "今天 " : ""}${parts.clock}${suffix}`;
+function stamped(value: string, locale: GuiLocale, t: Translate, suffix = "") {
+  const parts = clockParts(value, locale);
+  if (!parts) return `${t("apps.unknownTime")}${suffix}`;
+  return `${parts.today ? t("apps.today") : ""}${parts.clock}${suffix}`;
 }
 
-function memoryAction(action: string | undefined) {
-  if (action === "create") return "新增记忆";
-  if (action === "correct" || action === "restore") return "更新记忆";
-  return "记忆已保存";
+function memoryAction(action: string | undefined, t: Translate) {
+  if (action === "create") return t("apps.newMemory");
+  if (action === "correct" || action === "restore")
+    return t("apps.updatedMemory");
+  return t("apps.saved");
 }
 
 type ActivityChoice = "call" | "update";
@@ -135,23 +140,32 @@ function callAttention(events: CallEvent[]) {
 function sourceActivity(
   source: SourceResponse,
   events: CallEvent[],
+  locale: GuiLocale,
+  t: Translate,
   callHistoryUnavailable = false,
 ): string {
-  if (!source.authorized) return "尚未关联";
+  if (!source.authorized) return t("apps.unlinked");
   const latest = events.find(
     (item) =>
       successfulCall(item) && sourceMatchesHost(source.source_id, item.host_id),
   );
   if (!latest) return "";
-  const time = stamped(latest.occurred_at);
-  const prefix = callHistoryUnavailable ? "上次读取：" : "";
-  return `${prefix}${callDetailHeadline(latest, source.display_name)} · ${time}`;
+  const time = stamped(latest.occurred_at, locale, t);
+  const prefix = callHistoryUnavailable ? t("apps.lastRead") : "";
+  return `${prefix}${callDetailHeadline(latest, source.display_name, locale)} · ${time}`;
 }
 
-function sourceSyncActivity(sourceId: string, sync: LiveSyncHealth[]): string {
+function sourceSyncActivity(
+  sourceId: string,
+  sync: LiveSyncHealth[],
+  locale: GuiLocale,
+  t: Translate,
+): string {
   const current = sync.find((item) => item.source_id === sourceId);
   return current?.last_success_at
-    ? `最近同步 ${stamped(current.last_success_at)}`
+    ? t("apps.recentSync", {
+        time: stamped(current.last_success_at, locale, t),
+      })
     : "";
 }
 
@@ -181,6 +195,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
   onCalls?(): void;
   active?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { locale, t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
   const hostQuery = useRecallHosts({ poll: active });
   const hostBridge = hostBridgeAvailable();
   const hosts = hostQuery.data ?? [];
@@ -626,7 +641,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
     sourceMatchesHost(source.source_id, recentCall?.host_id ?? null),
   );
   const attention = callAttention(callEvents);
-  const attentionHost = attention ? callHostName(attention.host) : null;
+  const attentionHost = attention ? callHostName(attention.host, locale) : null;
   const activity = summaryUnavailable
     ? "unavailable"
     : visible === null
@@ -657,16 +672,16 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
   );
   const stateLabel =
     sedimentation?.enabled === true
-      ? "整理中"
+      ? t("apps.running")
       : sedimentation?.enabled === false
-        ? "已暂停"
-        : "待核对";
+        ? t("apps.paused")
+        : t("apps.unchecked");
   const stateDetail =
     sedimentation?.enabled === false
-      ? "已停止生成新记忆"
+      ? t("apps.stoppedNew")
       : sedimentation?.enabled === true
-        ? "新的对话正在整理"
-        : "正在核对整理状态";
+        ? t("apps.organizingNew")
+        : t("apps.checkingProcessing");
   const latestUpdatedAt =
     latest === null || latest === undefined
       ? null
@@ -675,7 +690,9 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
         : latest.gmt_created === null
           ? null
           : new Date(latest.gmt_created * 1000).toISOString();
-  const latestClock = latestUpdatedAt ? clockParts(latestUpdatedAt) : null;
+  const latestClock = latestUpdatedAt
+    ? clockParts(latestUpdatedAt, locale)
+    : null;
   const latestSourceIds =
     latest === null || latest === undefined
       ? []
@@ -684,8 +701,8 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
         : latest.source
           ? [latest.source]
           : [];
-  const time = latestClock?.clock ?? (latest ? "时间未知" : null);
-  const checked = visible ? clockParts(visible.observed_at) : null;
+  const time = latestClock?.clock ?? (latest ? t("apps.unknownTime") : null);
+  const checked = visible ? clockParts(visible.observed_at, locale) : null;
   // A failed read leaves the last health in place on purpose: clearing it would
   // drop the instance it names, and that instance is what keeps memory writes
   // and backfill receipts attached to the run that produced them. So the card
@@ -701,20 +718,24 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
     (!hostBridge && hostState !== "ready") ||
     (admitted === 0 && hostApplyPending(auto, preferences.hostSourceIds));
   const accessText = accessPending
-    ? "正在核对中"
+    ? t("apps.checkingNow")
     : hostReadFailed
-      ? "待核对"
+      ? t("apps.unchecked")
       : !unchecked.length
-        ? `${admitted} 个应用已接入`
+        ? tn("apps.connectedCount", admitted)
         : admitted
-          ? `${admitted} 个应用已接入，${unchecked.length} 个待核对`
-          : `${unchecked.length} 个应用待核对`;
+          ? tn("apps.mixedCount", admitted, {
+              pending: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(unchecked.length),
+            })
+          : tn("apps.pendingCount", unchecked.length);
   const accessUnknownText = accessPending
     ? null
     : hostReadFailed
-      ? "应用接入状态暂时没有读到，无法确认有几个应用已接入。"
+      ? t("apps.unknownAccess")
       : unchecked.length
-        ? `${unchecked.map((host) => host.label).join("、")} 的记忆权限暂时没有读到，无法确认是否已接入。`
+        ? t("apps.unknownPermissions", {
+            names: unchecked.map((host) => host.label).join(", "),
+          })
         : null;
   async function restartBackground() {
     if (restartingBackground) return;
@@ -751,11 +772,23 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
             source.source_id === failure.sourceId && source.sync_enabled,
         ),
   );
+  const localizeFailureReason = (reason: string | null | undefined) =>
+    reason && isMessageKey(reason) ? t(reason) : (reason ?? "");
   const autoFailureText = autoFailures
     .map((failure) =>
       failure.kind === "host"
-        ? `${nameOf(failure.sourceId)} 未能自动接入${failure.reason ? `：${failure.reason}` : ""}。`
-        : `${nameOf(failure.sourceId)} 的持续同步未能自动开启。${failure.reason ?? ""}`,
+        ? t("apps.autoHostFailed", {
+            name: nameOf(failure.sourceId),
+            reason: failure.reason
+              ? t("apps.failureReason", {
+                  reason: localizeFailureReason(failure.reason),
+                })
+              : "",
+          })
+        : t("apps.autoSyncFailed", {
+            name: nameOf(failure.sourceId),
+            reason: localizeFailureReason(failure.reason),
+          }),
     )
     .join("");
   const authorizedSyncSources = imports.sources.filter(
@@ -766,12 +799,12 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
     (failure) => failure.kind === "sync",
   );
   const syncState = authorizedSyncSources.length
-    ? `${authorizedSyncSources.length} 个应用已开启`
+    ? tn("apps.enabledCount", authorizedSyncSources.length)
     : syncApplyFailed
-      ? "未能开启"
+      ? t("apps.enableFailed")
       : wantsSync || !visible
-        ? "正在检查状态"
-        : "尚未开启";
+        ? t("apps.checkingState")
+        : t("apps.notEnabled");
   function toggleAll(next: boolean) {
     transition.current(next);
   }
@@ -779,7 +812,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
     <section
       className="r6-home"
       ref={root}
-      aria-label="应用首页"
+      aria-label={t("apps.home")}
       data-expanded={expanded}
       data-phase={phase}
       onFocusCapture={(event) => {
@@ -788,7 +821,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
       }}
     >
       <header className="r6-home-heading">
-        <h1>{expanded ? "全部应用" : "应用"}</h1>
+        <h1>{expanded ? t("apps.allApps") : t("apps.apps")}</h1>
       </header>
       <button
         type="button"
@@ -801,7 +834,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
       >
         <span className="r6-button-label">
           <ArrowLeft size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          返回首页
+          {t("apps.back")}
         </span>
       </button>
       <div
@@ -810,14 +843,14 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
         hidden={expanded}
         inert={expanded || phase !== "idle"}
       >
-        <HomeCardBoundary label="记忆概览">
-          <section className="r6-home-overview" aria-label="记忆概览">
+        <HomeCardBoundary label={t("apps.overview")}>
+          <section className="r6-home-overview" aria-label={t("apps.overview")}>
             <header>
-              <h2>记忆概览</h2>
+              <h2>{t("apps.overview")}</h2>
             </header>
             <div className="r6-home-metrics">
               <div>
-                <p>已沉淀记忆</p>
+                <p>{t("apps.memories")}</p>
                 {/* The figure slot used to hold the word 读取中 while the first
                   read was in flight, which is how "大数字不可见" (D51) shows up
                   on a slow link: the biggest type on the page spends the first
@@ -833,38 +866,41 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                         aria-hidden="true"
                       />
                     </p>
-                    <small role="status">正在读取已沉淀记忆数量…</small>
+                    <small role="status">{t("apps.readingCount")}</small>
                   </>
                 ) : (
                   <>
                     <p className="r6-home-figure">
                       <strong className={visible ? "" : "r6-home-word"}>
                         {visible
-                          ? new Intl.NumberFormat("zh-CN").format(
+                          ? new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(
                               visible.memory_count,
                             )
-                          : "暂无法读取"}
+                          : t("apps.unreadable")}
                       </strong>
-                      {visible ? <i>条</i> : null}
+                      {visible && t("apps.unit") ? (
+                        <i>{t("apps.unit")}</i>
+                      ) : null}
                     </p>
-                    <small>按应用授权范围使用</small>
+                    <small>{t("apps.scope")}</small>
                   </>
                 )}
               </div>
               <div>
-                <p>沉淀状态</p>
+                <p>{t("apps.processing")}</p>
                 <strong className="r6-home-word">{stateLabel}</strong>
                 <small>{stateDetail}</small>
               </div>
               <div>
-                <p>最近更新</p>
+                <p>{t("apps.recentUpdate")}</p>
                 <strong className={time ? "r6-home-time" : "r6-home-word"}>
-                  {time ?? (visible ? "尚未生成" : "待核对")}
+                  {time ??
+                    (visible ? t("apps.notGenerated") : t("apps.unchecked"))}
                 </strong>
                 <small>
                   {time
-                    ? `${latestClock?.today ? "今天 · " : ""}记忆已保存`
-                    : "历史与记忆分别处理"}
+                    ? `${latestClock?.today ? `${t("apps.today")}· ` : ""}${t("apps.saved")}`
+                    : t("apps.separate")}
                 </small>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -886,19 +922,21 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                       }
                       onClick={() => setActivityView(item)}
                     >
-                      {item === "call" ? "最近调用" : "最近更新"}
+                      {item === "call"
+                        ? t("apps.recentCall")
+                        : t("apps.recentUpdate")}
                     </button>
                   ))}
                 </div>
               ) : (
                 <p>
                   {activity === "unavailable"
-                    ? "动态暂不可用"
+                    ? t("apps.activityUnavailable")
                     : activity === "call"
-                      ? "最近调用"
+                      ? t("apps.recentCall")
                       : activity === "dialogue" || activity === "memory"
-                        ? "最近更新"
-                        : "首批沉淀"}
+                        ? t("apps.recentUpdate")
+                        : t("apps.firstBatch")}
                 </p>
               )}
               <div>
@@ -938,44 +976,45 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                   <h3>
                     {activity === "unavailable"
                       ? callState === "unavailable"
-                        ? "暂时无法读取调用记录"
-                        : "暂时无法读取记忆状态"
+                        ? t("apps.callsUnavailable")
+                        : t("apps.memoryUnavailable")
                       : activity === "call" && recentCall
                         ? callDetailHeadline(
                             recentCall,
                             recentCallHost?.display_name ??
-                              callHostName(recentCall.host_id),
+                              callHostName(recentCall.host_id, locale),
+                            locale,
                           )
                         : activity === "memory" && latest
                           ? `${latest.content}${"truncated" in latest && latest.truncated ? "…" : ""}`
                           : activity === "dialogue" && latestDialogue
                             ? `${latestDialogue.excerpt}${latestDialogue.truncated ? "…" : ""}`
                             : activity === "importing"
-                              ? "对话持续导入中，即将沉淀你的记忆"
+                              ? t("apps.importing")
                               : activity === "first-running"
-                                ? "正在沉淀第一批记忆"
+                                ? t("apps.firstRunning")
                                 : activity === "first-queued"
-                                  ? "准备沉淀第一批记忆"
+                                  ? t("apps.firstQueued")
                                   : activity === "loading"
-                                    ? "正在读取动态"
-                                    : "还没有已生成的记忆"}
+                                    ? t("apps.readingActivity")
+                                    : t("apps.emptyMemories")}
                   </h3>
                   <small>
                     {activity === "unavailable"
                       ? callState === "unavailable"
-                        ? "已有记忆仍可查看；重试不会发起新的调用。"
-                        : "读取失败不会当作没有记忆。"
+                        ? t("apps.callReadFailure")
+                        : t("apps.memoryReadFailure")
                       : activity === "call" && recentCall
-                        ? `${stamped(recentCall.occurred_at)} · ${callRowDetail(recentCall)}${callState === "incomplete" ? " · 有几次调用没被记下来，列表可能不全" : ""}`
+                        ? `${stamped(recentCall.occurred_at, locale, t)} · ${callRowDetail(recentCall, locale)}${callState === "incomplete" ? t("apps.incompleteCalls") : ""}`
                         : activity === "memory" && latest
                           ? "revision" in latest
-                            ? `${time} · ${memoryAction(latest.action)} · ${latestSourceIds.map((id) => imports.sources.find((s) => s.source_id === id)?.display_name ?? id).join("、")} · 版本 ${latest.revision}`
+                            ? `${time} · ${memoryAction(latest.action, t)} · ${latestSourceIds.map((id) => imports.sources.find((s) => s.source_id === id)?.display_name ?? id).join(", ")} · ${t("apps.revision", { count: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(latest.revision) })}`
                             : `${time} · SDK ${latest.layer} · ${latestSourceIds.map((id) => imports.sources.find((s) => s.source_id === id)?.display_name ?? id).join("、")}`
                           : activity === "dialogue" && latestDialogue
-                            ? `${clockParts(latestDialogue.created_at ?? latestDialogue.imported_at)?.clock ?? "时间未知"} ${latestDialogue.time_basis === "conversation" ? "对话时间" : "导入时间"} · ${imports.sources.find((source) => source.source_id === latestDialogue.source_id)?.display_name ?? latestDialogue.source_id}`
+                            ? `${clockParts(latestDialogue.created_at ?? latestDialogue.imported_at, locale)?.clock ?? t("apps.unknownTime")} ${latestDialogue.time_basis === "conversation" ? t("apps.conversationTime") : t("apps.importTime")} · ${imports.sources.find((source) => source.source_id === latestDialogue.source_id)?.display_name ?? latestDialogue.source_id}`
                             : activity === "importing"
-                              ? "对话正在后台持续保存。"
-                              : "历史已保存，记忆生成后会显示在这里。"}
+                              ? t("apps.savingConversations")
+                              : t("apps.waitingMemories")}
                   </small>
                 </section>
                 {(activity === "unavailable" ||
@@ -996,10 +1035,10 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                     }
                   >
                     {activity === "unavailable"
-                      ? "重新读取"
+                      ? t("apps.reread")
                       : activity === "call"
-                        ? "查看记录"
-                        : "查看记忆"}
+                        ? t("apps.viewCalls")
+                        : t("apps.viewMemory")}
                     {activity === "unavailable" ? null : (
                       <ArrowRight size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
                     )}
@@ -1013,8 +1052,8 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
           <section className="r6-home-auto-failure" role="alert">
             <p>
               {attention.kind === "unavailable"
-                ? "后台服务没有运行，应用暂时查不到记忆"
-                : `${attentionHost} 最近几次没查到记忆，后台可能正忙，稍后会自动恢复`}
+                ? t("apps.backgroundDown")
+                : t("apps.timeoutWarning", { host: attentionHost ?? "" })}
             </p>
             {attention.kind === "unavailable" || CALL_HISTORY_ENTRY_VISIBLE ? (
               <R6Button
@@ -1028,40 +1067,42 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                     : onCalls
                 }
               >
-                {attention.kind === "unavailable" ? "重新启动" : "查看记录"}
+                {attention.kind === "unavailable"
+                  ? t("apps.restart")
+                  : t("apps.viewCalls")}
               </R6Button>
             ) : null}
           </section>
         ) : null}
-        <HomeCardBoundary label="运行状态">
+        <HomeCardBoundary label={t("apps.runtime")}>
           <aside className="r6-home-runtime">
-            <h2>运行状态</h2>
+            <h2>{t("apps.runtime")}</h2>
             <h3>
               {connected
-                ? "后台运行中"
+                ? t("apps.backgroundRunning")
                 : imports.healthStale
-                  ? "连接状态待核对"
-                  : "服务未连接"}
+                  ? t("apps.connectionUnchecked")
+                  : t("apps.disconnected")}
             </h3>
-            <p>仅处理已授权范围</p>
+            <p>{t("apps.authorizedOnly")}</p>
             <dl>
               <div>
-                <dt>对话同步</dt>
+                <dt>{t("apps.sync")}</dt>
                 <dd>{syncState}</dd>
               </div>
               <div>
-                <dt>记忆整理</dt>
+                <dt>{t("apps.organizing")}</dt>
                 <dd>{stateLabel}</dd>
               </div>
               <div>
-                <dt>应用访问</dt>
+                <dt>{t("apps.access")}</dt>
                 <dd>{accessText}</dd>
               </div>
             </dl>
             {accessUnknownText ? (
               <div
                 role="status"
-                aria-label="应用接入核对"
+                aria-label={t("apps.checkingAccess")}
                 className="r6-home-auto-failure"
               >
                 <p>{accessUnknownText}</p>
@@ -1071,22 +1112,24 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                   disabled={hostQuery.isFetching}
                   onClick={() => void hostQuery.refetch()}
                 >
-                  {hostQuery.isFetching ? "核对中…" : "重新核对"}
+                  {hostQuery.isFetching
+                    ? t("apps.checking")
+                    : t("apps.recheck")}
                 </button>
               </div>
             ) : null}
             {hostStale ? (
               <p
                 role="status"
-                aria-label="应用接入状态"
+                aria-label={t("apps.accessState")}
                 className="r6-home-auto-failure"
               >
-                应用接入状态暂时读取失败，当前为上次状态。
+                {t("apps.staleAccess")}
               </p>
             ) : null}
             {autoFailureText ? (
               <div role="alert" className="r6-home-auto-failure">
-                <p>{`${autoFailureText}不会自动重试。`}</p>
+                <p>{`${autoFailureText}${t("apps.noAutoRetry")}`}</p>
                 <button
                   type="button"
                   className="r6-home-activity-link"
@@ -1099,14 +1142,16 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                     })
                   }
                 >
-                  重新接入
+                  {t("apps.reconnect")}
                 </button>
               </div>
             ) : null}
             <p className="r6-home-checked">
               {!checked
-                ? "上次核对：待核对"
-                : `上次核对：${checked.today ? "今天 " : ""}${checked.clock}`}
+                ? t("apps.checkedAt", { time: t("apps.unchecked") })
+                : t("apps.checkedAt", {
+                    time: `${checked.today ? t("apps.today") : ""}${checked.clock}`,
+                  })}
             </p>
           </aside>
         </HomeCardBoundary>
@@ -1114,7 +1159,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
       <section
         className="r6-home-apps"
         ref={panel}
-        aria-label="我的应用"
+        aria-label={t("apps.myApps")}
         onWheel={(event) => {
           if (!expanded && apps.length > 3 && event.deltaY > 10)
             toggleAll(true);
@@ -1145,7 +1190,9 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
         }}
       >
         <header>
-          <h2>{expanded ? `${apps.length} 个应用` : "我的应用"}</h2>
+          <h2>
+            {expanded ? tn("apps.appCount", apps.length) : t("apps.myApps")}
+          </h2>
           {apps.length > 3 ? (
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -1157,7 +1204,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
               className="r6-home-expand"
               onClick={() => toggleAll(true)}
             >
-              查看全部 {apps.length} 个应用
+              {tn("apps.viewAll", apps.length)}
             </button>
           ) : null}
         </header>
@@ -1165,7 +1212,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
           className="r6-home-list"
           ref={list}
           id={listId}
-          aria-label="应用列表"
+          aria-label={t("apps.list")}
           tabIndex={expanded ? 0 : -1}
           onScroll={(event) => {
             if (expanded)
@@ -1174,8 +1221,13 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
         >
           {(expanded ? apps : apps.slice(0, 3)).map((source) => {
             const activity =
-              sourceActivity(source, callEvents, callState === "unavailable") ||
-              sourceSyncActivity(source.source_id, syncHealth);
+              sourceActivity(
+                source,
+                callEvents,
+                locale,
+                t,
+                callState === "unavailable",
+              ) || sourceSyncActivity(source.source_id, syncHealth, locale, t);
             const host = hosts.find((item) =>
               sourceMatchesHost(source.source_id, item.hostId),
             );
@@ -1187,13 +1239,13 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                     <h3>{source.display_name}</h3>
                     <p>
                       {source.sync_enabled
-                        ? "持续同步已开启"
+                        ? t("apps.syncEnabled")
                         : host?.installed &&
                             host.permission?.state === "approved"
-                          ? "允许请求已授权记忆"
+                          ? t("apps.recallAllowed")
                           : source.authorized
-                            ? "历史读取已授权"
-                            : "连接待完成"}
+                            ? t("apps.historyAllowed")
+                            : t("apps.connectionPending")}
                     </p>
                   </section>
                   {activity ? (
@@ -1204,7 +1256,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
                     data-home-focus={`source:${source.source_id}`}
                     onClick={() => onManage(source.source_id)}
                   >
-                    查看详情
+                    {t("apps.details")}
                   </R6Button>
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -1212,7 +1264,7 @@ export function ApplicationsHome({
           })}
           {!apps.length ? (
             <p className="r6-home-empty">
-              {stale ? "应用列表暂时不可读取" : "还没有可显示的应用"}
+              {stale ? t("apps.listUnavailable") : t("apps.emptyApps")}
             </p>
           ) : null}
         </section>

memhub/apps/web/src/CallHistory.test.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // @vitest-environment jsdom
 
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import {
   act,
   cleanup,
@@ -10,12 +11,20 @@ import {
   within,
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+it("permite crecer al botón de retorno y ajustar la barra sin cortar el español", () => {
+  const css = readFileSync(`${process.cwd()}/src/call-history.css`, "utf8");
+  expect(css).toMatch(/\.call-history-back\.r6-button\s*\{[^}]*width:\s*auto/s);
+  expect(css).toMatch(/\.call-history-actions\s*\{[^}]*flex-wrap:\s*wrap/s);
+});
+
 import { CallHistory } from "./CallHistory";
 import type {
   CallEvent,
   CallHistoryPage,
   ResolvedCallReference,
 } from "./call-history-client";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 
 const { getHistory, clearEvents, clearAllEvents, getReferences } = vi.hoisted(
   () => ({
@@ -138,6 +147,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
 afterEach(() => {
   cleanup();
   vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
   if (originalShowModal)
     Object.defineProperty(
       HTMLDialogElement.prototype,
@@ -147,6 +157,68 @@ afterEach(() => {
   else Reflect.deleteProperty(HTMLDialogElement.prototype, "showModal");
 });
 
+it("traduce el historial en vivo sin cambiar nombres ni contenido importado", async () => {
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <CallHistory onBack={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const first = await loaded();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Historial de uso" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(first.textContent).toBe("Cursor encontró 3 contenidos relacionados");
+  fireEvent.click(first);
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Esta consulta de memorias" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getAllByText("Consulta completada")).toHaveLength(2);
+  expect(screen.getByText("Consulta de memorias")).toBeTruthy();
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  fireEvent(window, new StorageEvent("storage", { key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY }));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "这次查记忆" })).toBeTruthy();
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
+
+it.each([0, 1, 3])(
+  "muestra %i registros con confirmación española y conserva títulos opacos",
+  async (count) => {
+    getHistory.mockResolvedValue(
+      page(
+        Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) =>
+          event(`event-${index}`, {
+            host_id: "Aplicación 中文",
+            references: [],
+          }),
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+    window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <CallHistory onBack={vi.fn()} />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    if (!count) {
+      expect(
+        await screen.findByText("Todavía no hay registros de uso"),
+      ).toBeTruthy();
+      return;
+    }
+    await loaded("event-0");
+    expect(screen.getAllByText(/Aplicación 中文 encontró/)).toHaveLength(count);
+    fireEvent.click(
+      screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Borrar registros de esta página" }),
+    );
+    expect(screen.getByRole("dialog").textContent).toContain(
+      count === 1
+        ? "¿Borrar el 1 registro de esta página?"
+        : "¿Borrar los 3 registros de esta página?",
+    );
+  },
+);
+
 it("loads a bounded first page and returns to applications", async () => {
   const pending = deferred<CallHistoryPage>();
   getHistory.mockReturnValueOnce(pending.promise);
@@ -354,7 +426,7 @@ it("does not claim delivery for a call Core never completed", async () => {
   const detail = screen.getByRole("article", { name: "调用详情" });
   expect(within(detail).queryByText(/已返回给/)).toBeNull();
   expect(
-    within(detail).getByText("One Memory 暂时不可用，这次回答没有带上记忆。"),
+    within(detail).getByText("MemHub 暂时不可用，这次回答没有带上记忆。"),
   ).toBeTruthy();
 });
 it("does not restate an undelivered result as returned", async () => {
@@ -414,7 +486,7 @@ it.each([
     "查询超时，没有提供记忆",
     "直接调用（诊断） 这次没来得及查到记忆",
   ],
-  ["unavailable", "One Memory 暂时不可用", "直接调用（诊断） 暂时无法查记忆"],
+  ["unavailable", "MemHub 暂时不可用", "直接调用（诊断） 暂时无法查记忆"],
   ["denied", "当前未授权查询", "直接调用（诊断） 未获准查记忆"],
 ] as const)(
   "renders the %s state without claiming external adoption",
@@ -471,7 +543,7 @@ it("does not call an unavailable call returned", async () => {
   const detail = screen.getByRole("article", { name: "调用详情" });
   expect(within(detail).queryByText(/· 已返回/)).toBeNull();
   expect(
-    within(detail).getAllByText(/One Memory 暂时不可用/).length,
+    within(detail).getAllByText(/MemHub 暂时不可用/).length,
   ).toBeGreaterThan(0);
   expect(within(detail).queryByText(/采用未确认|Core/)).toBeNull();
 });

memhub/apps/web/src/CallHistory.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import type { GuiLocale, MessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
   ChevronLeft,
@@ -9,7 +10,6 @@ import { useEffect, useId, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { getConversation } from "./api";
 import {
   CALL_HOSTS,
-  CALL_TOOLS,
   type CallEvent,
   type CallHistoryPage,
   callDeliveryLabel,
@@ -24,27 +24,24 @@ import {
   type ResolvedCallReference,
 } from "./call-history-client";
 import { clockStamp } from "./clock-stamp";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
 import { isDefiniteRefusal } from "./write-outcome";
 import "./call-history.css";
 
 const PAGE_SIZE = 20;
-const stateLabels: Record<CallEvent["state"], string> = {
-  grounded: "查询成功",
-  empty: "查询成功，没有找到相关记忆",
-  partial: "查询成功，部分内容还在整理中",
-  timed_out: "查询超时，没有提供记忆",
-  unavailable: "One Memory 暂时不可用",
-  denied: "当前未授权查询",
-};
+const stateLabels = {
+  grounded: "calls.state.grounded",
+  empty: "calls.state.empty",
+  partial: "calls.state.partial",
+  timed_out: "calls.state.timed_out",
+  unavailable: "calls.state.unavailable",
+  denied: "calls.state.denied",
+} as const satisfies Record<CallEvent["state"], MessageKey>;
 
-function toolName(tool: CallEvent["tool"]) {
-  return CALL_TOOLS[tool];
-}
-
-function sourceLabel(id: string | null) {
-  return id === null ? "未记录" : (CALL_HOSTS[id] ?? id);
+function sourceLabel(id: string | null, notRecorded: string) {
+  return id === null ? notRecorded : (CALL_HOSTS[id] ?? id);
 }
 
 function CallReferences({
@@ -56,6 +53,7 @@ function CallReferences({
   onOpenMemory?(id: string): void;
   onOpenEvidence?(id: string): void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [result, setResult] = useState<{
     event: CallEvent;
     items: ResolvedCallReference[];
@@ -101,29 +99,31 @@ function CallReferences({
   return (
     <section
       className="call-history-references"
-      aria-label="相关内容"
+      aria-label={t("calls.references")}
       aria-busy={loading}
     >
-      <h3>相关内容</h3>
-      {loading && <p role="status">正在读取相关内容</p>}
-      {failed && <p role="alert">相关内容暂时无法读取，请刷新重试。</p>}
+      <h3>{t("calls.references")}</h3>
+      {loading && <p role="status">{t("calls.referencesLoading")}</p>}
+      {failed && <p role="alert">{t("calls.referencesFailed")}</p>}
       {event.references.length ? (
         <ul>
           {Array.from(references, ([key, { reference, current }]) => (
             <li key={key}>
               <div>
                 <h4>
-                  {reference.kind === "raw" ? "原文" : "记忆"} ·{" "}
+                  {t(reference.kind === "raw" ? "calls.raw" : "calls.memory")} ·{" "}
                   {current?.available && current.reason === null
                     ? current.title
                     : current?.reason === "changed"
-                      ? "版本已变更"
+                      ? t("calls.changed")
                       : loading
-                        ? "待核对"
-                        : "不可用"}
+                        ? t("calls.pending")
+                        : t("calls.notAvailable")}
                 </h4>
                 {reference.source_id && (
-                  <p>{sourceLabel(reference.source_id)}</p>
+                  <p>
+                    {sourceLabel(reference.source_id, t("calls.notRecorded"))}
+                  </p>
                 )}
               </div>
               {current?.available && current.reason === null && (
@@ -160,23 +160,29 @@ function CallReferences({
                       });
                   }}
                 >
-                  {reference.kind === "raw" ? "查看原文" : "查看记忆"}
+                  {t(
+                    reference.kind === "raw"
+                      ? "calls.openRaw"
+                      : "calls.openMemory",
+                  )}
                 </R6Button>
               )}
             </li>
           ))}
         </ul>
       ) : (
-        <p>没有找到相关内容</p>
+        <p>{t("calls.noReferences")}</p>
       )}
       {transcript && (
         <aside
-          aria-label="原文正文"
+          aria-label={t("calls.rawBody")}
           aria-busy={transcript.status === "loading"}
         >
-          {transcript.status === "loading" && <p role="status">正在读取原文</p>}
+          {transcript.status === "loading" && (
+            <p role="status">{t("calls.rawLoading")}</p>
+          )}
           {transcript.status === "failed" && (
-            <p role="alert">原文已不可用或版本已变更。</p>
+            <p role="alert">{t("calls.rawFailed")}</p>
           )}
           {transcript.status === "ready" &&
             transcript.messages.map((message) => (
@@ -188,8 +194,8 @@ function CallReferences({
   );
 }
 
-function shortTime(value: string) {
-  return clockStamp(value);
+function shortTime(value: string, locale: GuiLocale) {
+  return clockStamp(value, locale);
 }
 
 function ClearConfirmation({
@@ -207,6 +213,7 @@ function ClearConfirmation({
   onCancel(): void;
   onConfirm(): void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const dialog = useRef<HTMLDialogElement>(null);
   const titleId = useId();
   const descriptionId = useId();
@@ -233,7 +240,7 @@ function ClearConfirmation({
       <p id={descriptionId}>{description}</p>
       <div className="call-history-actions">
         <R6Button disabled={pending} onClick={onCancel}>
-          取消
+          {t("calls.cancel")}
         </R6Button>
         <R6Button variant="primary" pending={pending} onClick={onConfirm}>
           {confirmLabel}
@@ -252,6 +259,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
   onOpenMemory?(id: string): void;
   onOpenEvidence?(id: string): void;
 }) {
+  const { t, tnPlain, locale } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [request, setRequest] = useState({
     hostId: "",
     offset: 0,
@@ -267,7 +275,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
     { kind: "page"; ids: string[] } | { kind: "all" } | null
   >(null);
   const [clearing, setClearing] = useState(false);
-  const [clearNotice, setClearNotice] = useState("");
+  const [clearNotice, setClearNotice] = useState<MessageKey | null>(null);
   const mounted = useRef(false);
   const clearFlight = useRef(false);
   const heading = useRef<HTMLHeadingElement>(null);
@@ -334,14 +342,14 @@ export function CallHistory({
     const clearingAll = confirmation.kind === "all";
     clearFlight.current = true;
     setClearing(true);
-    setClearNotice("");
+    setClearNotice(null);
     const trace = traceUiAction("calls", "confirm");
     try {
       if (clearingAll) await clearAllCallEvents(trace.traceId);
       else await clearCallEvents([...confirmation.ids], trace.traceId);
       trace.done("succeeded");
       if (!mounted.current) return;
-      setClearNotice(clearingAll ? "已清空全部记录。" : "已清除所选记录。");
+      setClearNotice(clearingAll ? "calls.clearedAll" : "calls.clearedPage");
     } catch (reason) {
       // A 4xx (e.g. `409 call_history_disabled`) is Core answering and
       // refusing: nothing was deleted, so it is a definite failure, not an
@@ -361,9 +369,9 @@ export function CallHistory({
       setClearNotice(
         refused
           ? clearingAll
-            ? "未能清空使用记录，当前记录保持不变。请核对后重试。"
-            : "未能清除所选记录，当前记录保持不变。请核对后重试。"
-          : "清除结果未确认，请核对重新读取的记录。未自动重试清除。",
+            ? "calls.clearAllFailed"
+            : "calls.clearPageFailed"
+          : "calls.clearUnknown",
       );
     } finally {
       clearFlight.current = false;
@@ -384,7 +392,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
     <section className="call-history" aria-labelledby={titleId}>
       <header className="call-history-heading">
         <h1 id={titleId} ref={heading} tabIndex={-1}>
-          {selectedId === null ? "使用记录" : "这次查记忆"}
+          {t(selectedId === null ? "calls.title" : "calls.query")}
         </h1>
         <R6Button
           className="call-history-back"
@@ -392,7 +400,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
           onClick={selectedId === null ? onBack : () => setSelectedId(null)}
         >
           <ArrowLeft size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          {selectedId === null ? "返回应用" : "返回记录"}
+          {t(selectedId === null ? "calls.backApps" : "calls.backHistory")}
         </R6Button>
       </header>
       <div
@@ -401,7 +409,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
         {selectedId === null ? (
           <div className="call-history-filter">
             <label className="call-history-sr-only" htmlFor={filterId}>
-              按应用筛选
+              {t("calls.filter")}
             </label>
             <select
               id={filterId}
@@ -416,7 +424,7 @@ export function CallHistory({
                 }));
               }}
             >
-              <option value="">全部应用</option>
+              <option value="">{t("calls.allApps")}</option>
               {Object.entries(CALL_HOSTS).map(([host, label]) => (
                 <option key={host} value={host}>
                   {label}
@@ -428,12 +436,12 @@ export function CallHistory({
           <span />
         )}
         <div className="call-history-actions">
-          {selectedId === null && <span>最近记录</span>}
+          {selectedId === null && <span>{t("calls.recent")}</span>}
           <R6Button
             className="call-history-icon"
             variant="quiet"
-            title="刷新记录"
-            aria-label="刷新记录"
+            title={t("calls.refresh")}
+            aria-label={t("calls.refresh")}
             disabled={clearing}
             onClick={refresh}
           >
@@ -444,8 +452,8 @@ export function CallHistory({
               <R6Button
                 className="call-history-icon"
                 variant="quiet"
-                title="清除本页记录"
-                aria-label="清除本页记录"
+                title={t("calls.clearPage")}
+                aria-label={t("calls.clearPage")}
                 disabled={!events.length || clearing}
                 onClick={() =>
                   setConfirmation({
@@ -458,12 +466,12 @@ export function CallHistory({
               </R6Button>
               <R6Button
                 variant="quiet"
-                title="清空全部记录"
-                aria-label="清空全部记录"
+                title={t("calls.clearAll")}
+                aria-label={t("calls.clearAll")}
                 disabled={!page?.total || clearing}
                 onClick={() => setConfirmation({ kind: "all" })}
               >
-                清空全部
+                {t("calls.clearAllShort")}
               </R6Button>
             </>
           )}
@@ -471,55 +479,67 @@ export function CallHistory({
       </div>
       {clearNotice && (
         <p className="call-history-notice" role="status">
-          {clearNotice}
+          {t(clearNotice)}
         </p>
       )}
       <div aria-busy={loading || clearing}>
         {loading && (
           <p className="call-history-state" role="status">
-            正在读取使用记录
+            {t("calls.loading")}
           </p>
         )}
         {clearing && (
           <p className="call-history-state" role="status">
-            正在清除所选记录
+            {t("calls.clearing")}
           </p>
         )}
         {failed && (
           <p className="call-history-state" role="alert">
-            记录读取失败，请刷新重试。
+            {t("calls.readFailed")}
           </p>
         )}
         {page && !page.available && (
           <p className="call-history-state" role="alert">
-            使用记录暂不可用，请稍后刷新。
+            {t("calls.unavailable")}
           </p>
         )}
         {page?.recording_error && (
           <p className="call-history-notice" role="alert">
-            有几次调用没被记下来，列表可能不全。
+            {t("calls.incomplete")}
           </p>
         )}
         {page?.available &&
           (selectedId !== null ? (
             selected ? (
-              <article className="call-history-detail" aria-label="调用详情">
-                <h2>{`${sourceLabel(selected.host_id)} · ${shortTime(selected.occurred_at)}`}</h2>
+              <article
+                className="call-history-detail"
+                aria-label={t("calls.callDetail")}
+              >
+                <h2>{`${sourceLabel(selected.host_id, t("calls.notRecorded"))} · ${shortTime(selected.occurred_at, locale)}`}</h2>
                 <p className="call-history-summary">
-                  {callDetailHeadline(selected)}
-                  {returnedFrom ? ` · 来源 ${sourceLabel(returnedFrom)}` : ""}
+                  {callDetailHeadline(selected, undefined, locale)}
+                  {returnedFrom
+                    ? t("calls.source", {
+                        source: sourceLabel(
+                          returnedFrom,
+                          t("calls.notRecorded"),
+                        ),
+                      })
+                    : ""}
                 </p>
                 <p className="call-history-stage">
-                  {stateLabels[selected.state]}
+                  {t(stateLabels[selected.state])}
                 </p>
                 <p className="call-history-stage">
-                  找到原文 {selected.raw_count} 段 · 记忆{" "}
-                  {selected.memory_count} 条 · 用时{" "}
-                  {(selected.elapsed_ms / 1000).toFixed(1)} 秒
+                  {t("calls.stats", {
+                    raw: selected.raw_count,
+                    memories: selected.memory_count,
+                    seconds: (selected.elapsed_ms / 1000).toFixed(1),
+                  })}
                 </p>
-                {callDeliveryLabel(selected) && (
+                {callDeliveryLabel(selected, locale) && (
                   <p className="call-history-stage">
-                    {callDeliveryLabel(selected)}
+                    {callDeliveryLabel(selected, locale)}
                   </p>
                 )}
                 <CallReferences
@@ -527,22 +547,20 @@ export function CallHistory({
                   onOpenMemory={onOpenMemory}
                   onOpenEvidence={onOpenEvidence}
                 />
-                {callReturnDeliveryLabel(selected) && (
+                {callReturnDeliveryLabel(selected, locale) && (
                   <p className="call-history-adoption">
-                    {callReturnDeliveryLabel(selected)}
+                    {callReturnDeliveryLabel(selected, locale)}
                   </p>
                 )}
                 <section
                   className="call-history-metadata"
-                  aria-label="记录详情"
+                  aria-label={t("calls.metadata")}
                 >
-                  <h3>记录详情</h3>
-                  <p>
-                    为保护隐私，这里不保存你问的原话和回答，只保存时间、来源和结果。
-                  </p>
+                  <h3>{t("calls.metadata")}</h3>
+                  <p>{t("calls.privacy")}</p>
                   <dl>
                     <div>
-                      <dt>准确时间</dt>
+                      <dt>{t("calls.exactTime")}</dt>
                       <dd>
                         <time dateTime={selected.occurred_at}>
                           {selected.occurred_at}
@@ -550,27 +568,29 @@ export function CallHistory({
                       </dd>
                     </div>
                     <div>
-                      <dt>应用</dt>
-                      <dd>{sourceLabel(selected.host_id)}</dd>
+                      <dt>{t("calls.app")}</dt>
+                      <dd>
+                        {sourceLabel(selected.host_id, t("calls.notRecorded"))}
+                      </dd>
                     </div>
                     <div>
-                      <dt>类型</dt>
-                      <dd>{toolName(selected.tool)}</dd>
+                      <dt>{t("calls.type")}</dt>
+                      <dd>{t("calls.tool")}</dd>
                     </div>
                     <div>
-                      <dt>结果状态</dt>
+                      <dt>{t("calls.result")}</dt>
                       {/* The tool above is already humanized in this same
                         panel ("查记忆", never `om_recall`); printing the raw
                         `grounded`/`partial` enum here leaks the internal state
                         vocabulary the rest of the page translates. */}
-                      <dd>{stateLabels[selected.state]}</dd>
+                      <dd>{t(stateLabels[selected.state])}</dd>
                     </div>
                   </dl>
                 </section>
               </article>
             ) : (
               <p className="call-history-state" role="status">
-                这条记录已不在当前页，请返回记录查看。
+                {t("calls.missingRow")}
               </p>
             )
           ) : (
@@ -578,12 +598,12 @@ export function CallHistory({
               <ul
                 ref={list}
                 className="call-history-list"
-                aria-label="调用记录"
+                aria-label={t("calls.list")}
               >
                 {events.map((item) => (
                   <li key={item.event_id}>
                     <time dateTime={item.occurred_at} title={item.occurred_at}>
-                      {shortTime(item.occurred_at)}
+                      {shortTime(item.occurred_at, locale)}
                     </time>
                     <div className="call-history-row-content">
                       <h2>
@@ -592,23 +612,26 @@ export function CallHistory({
                           data-event-id={item.event_id}
                           onClick={() => setSelectedId(item.event_id)}
                         >
-                          {callRowHeadline(item)}
+                          {callRowHeadline(item, locale)}
                         </button>
                       </h2>
-                      <p>{callRowDetail(item)}</p>
+                      <p>{callRowDetail(item, locale)}</p>
                     </div>
                   </li>
                 ))}
               </ul>
               {!events.length && (
                 <p className="call-history-state" role="status">
-                  {request.offset ? "本页暂无记录" : "暂无使用记录"}
+                  {t(request.offset ? "calls.emptyPage" : "calls.empty")}
                 </p>
               )}
-              <nav className="call-history-pagination" aria-label="记录分页">
+              <nav
+                className="call-history-pagination"
+                aria-label={t("calls.pagination")}
+              >
                 <R6Button
-                  aria-label="上一页"
-                  title="上一页"
+                  aria-label={t("calls.previous")}
+                  title={t("calls.previous")}
                   disabled={request.offset === 0}
                   onClick={() =>
                     setRequest((current) => ({
@@ -626,8 +649,8 @@ export function CallHistory({
                   / {page.total}
                 </span>
                 <R6Button
-                  aria-label="下一页"
-                  title="下一页"
+                  aria-label={t("calls.next")}
+                  title={t("calls.next")}
                   disabled={
                     page.offset + PAGE_SIZE >= page.total || !events.length
                   }
@@ -648,25 +671,29 @@ export function CallHistory({
         page.retention_days !== null &&
         page.max_events !== null && (
           <p className="call-history-policy">
-            保留 {page.retention_days} 天，最多{" "}
-            {new Intl.NumberFormat("zh-CN").format(page.max_events)} 条记录
+            {t("calls.policy", {
+              days: page.retention_days,
+              count: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(page.max_events),
+            })}
           </p>
         )}
       {confirmation && (
         <ClearConfirmation
           title={
             confirmation.kind === "all"
-              ? "清空全部使用记录？"
-              : `清除本页 ${confirmation.ids.length} 条记录？`
+              ? t("calls.confirmAllTitle")
+              : tnPlain("calls.confirmPageTitle", confirmation.ids.length)
           }
           description={
             confirmation.kind === "all"
-              ? "将删除当前保留的全部调用记录，不限于本页或当前筛选。不删除原文或记忆，不更改授权与留存规则。此操作无法撤销。"
-              : "仅清除这批调用记录，不删除原文或记忆，不更改授权与留存规则。此操作无法撤销。"
-          }
-          confirmLabel={
-            confirmation.kind === "all" ? "确认清空全部" : "确认清除"
+              ? t("calls.confirmAllDescription")
+              : t("calls.confirmPageDescription")
           }
+          confirmLabel={t(
+            confirmation.kind === "all"
+              ? "calls.confirmAll"
+              : "calls.confirmPage",
+          )}
           pending={clearing}
           onCancel={() => setConfirmation(null)}
           onConfirm={() => void confirmClear()}

memhub/apps/web/src/ConnectionFallback.test.tsx

@@ -3,12 +3,50 @@ import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { ConnectionFallback } from "./ConnectionFallback";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 
 afterEach(() => {
   cleanup();
   delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.clear();
 });
 describe("ConnectionFallback", () => {
+  it("localizes pairing controls while preserving generated Skill bytes", async () => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    const skill = "pair --token '{no-traducir}'";
+    window.oneMemory = {
+      createCustomHarnessSkill: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        displayName: "Harness 原名",
+        expiresAt: "2026-10-19T12:10:00.000Z",
+        skill,
+      }),
+      copyText: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+      getLanguagePreference: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 1 }),
+      onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(() => {}),
+    } as unknown as Window["oneMemory"];
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <ConnectionFallback />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    const user = userEvent.setup();
+    await user.click(await screen.findByText("Conectar otras herramientas"));
+    await user.type(
+      screen.getByLabelText("Nombre del Harness"),
+      "Harness 原名",
+    );
+    await user.click(
+      screen.getByRole("button", {
+        name: "Generar Skill de emparejamiento",
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(
+      await screen.findByLabelText("Skill de emparejamiento"),
+    ).toHaveProperty("value", skill);
+  });
+
   it("names an unknown Harness before generating and copying its pairing Skill", async () => {
     const user = userEvent.setup();
     const createCustomHarnessSkill = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({

memhub/apps/web/src/ConnectionFallback.tsx

@@ -1,16 +1,29 @@
 import { Copy, RefreshCw } from "lucide-react";
-import { useState } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { copyText } from "./copy-text";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 
 type Material = { displayName: string; expiresAt: string; skill: string };
+type ConnectionMaterial = {
+  mcp: string;
+  shell: string | null;
+  prompt: string;
+};
+type MaterialBridge = {
+  getConnectionMaterial(): Promise<ConnectionMaterial>;
+};
 
 export function ConnectionFallback() {
+  const { locale, t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [displayName, setDisplayName] = useState("");
   const [material, setMaterial] = useState<Material | null>(null);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState(false);
   const [notice, setNotice] = useState("");
   const available = !!window.oneMemory?.createCustomHarnessSkill;
+  const materialBridge = window.oneMemory as
+    | (Window["oneMemory"] & Partial<MaterialBridge>)
+    | undefined;
 
   async function generate() {
     const bridge = window.oneMemory;
@@ -30,21 +43,24 @@ export function ConnectionFallback() {
 
   return (
     <details className="connection-fallback">
-      <summary>连接其他工具</summary>
-      {!available ? (
-        <p>本机配对仅在桌面 App 中可用。</p>
+      <summary>{t("connectionFallback.title")}</summary>
+      {materialBridge?.getConnectionMaterial ? (
+        <ConnectionMaterialFallback
+          bridge={materialBridge as Window["oneMemory"] & MaterialBridge}
+        />
+      ) : !available ? (
+        <p>{t("connectionFallback.desktopOnly")}</p>
       ) : (
         <>
           <p className="connection-boundary">
-            为未列出的本机 Harness 生成一次性配对
-            Skill。纯网页聊天、远端容器或另一台机器不能直接连接本机。
+            {t("connectionFallback.description")}
           </p>
           <label className="custom-harness-name">
-            Harness 名称
+            {t("connectionFallback.name")}
             <input
               value={displayName}
               maxLength={80}
-              placeholder="例如 Kimi Code"
+              placeholder={t("connectionFallback.namePlaceholder")}
               onChange={(event) => {
                 setDisplayName(event.target.value);
                 setMaterial(null);
@@ -58,29 +74,37 @@ export function ConnectionFallback() {
             disabled={loading || !displayName.trim()}
             onClick={() => void generate()}
           >
-            {loading ? "正在生成…" : "生成配对 Skill"}
+            {loading
+              ? t("connectionFallback.generating")
+              : t("connectionFallback.generate")}
           </button>
           {error && (
             <p role="alert">
-              未能生成配对 Skill。
+              {t("connectionFallback.generateFailed")}
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="quiet"
                 onClick={() => void generate()}
               >
                 <RefreshCw size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-                重试
+                {t("connectionFallback.retry")}
               </button>
             </p>
           )}
           {material && (
             <>
               <p>
-                已为 {material.displayName} 生成一次性配对 Skill，有效期至{" "}
-                {new Date(material.expiresAt).toLocaleTimeString()}。
+                {t("connectionFallback.generated", {
+                  name: material.displayName,
+                  time: new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
+                    hour: "2-digit",
+                    minute: "2-digit",
+                    second: "2-digit",
+                  }).format(new Date(material.expiresAt)),
+                })}
               </p>
               <textarea
-                aria-label="配对 Skill"
+                aria-label={t("connectionFallback.skillLabel")}
                 readOnly
                 value={material.skill}
                 spellCheck={false}
@@ -91,16 +115,14 @@ export function ConnectionFallback() {
                 onClick={async () => {
                   try {
                     await copyText(material.skill);
-                    setNotice(
-                      "已复制配对 Skill。请粘贴到对应 Harness 中执行。",
-                    );
+                    setNotice(t("connectionFallback.copied"));
                   } catch {
-                    setNotice("复制失败，可在上方选中文本复制。");
+                    setNotice(t("connectionFallback.copyFailed"));
                   }
                 }}
               >
                 <Copy size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-                复制 Skill
+                {t("connectionFallback.copy")}
               </button>
             </>
           )}
@@ -110,3 +132,143 @@ export function ConnectionFallback() {
     </details>
   );
 }
+
+function ConnectionMaterialFallback({
+  bridge,
+}: {
+  bridge: Window["oneMemory"] & MaterialBridge;
+}) {
+  const { locale, t } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const [material, setMaterial] = useState<ConnectionMaterial | null>(null);
+  const [tab, setTab] = useState<"prompt" | "mcp" | "shell">("prompt");
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [error, setError] = useState(false);
+  const [notice, setNotice] = useState("");
+
+  async function load() {
+    setLoading(true);
+    setError(false);
+    try {
+      setMaterial(await bridge.getConnectionMaterial());
+    } catch {
+      setError(true);
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let current = true;
+    void bridge.getConnectionMaterial().then(
+      (value) => {
+        if (!current) return;
+        setMaterial(value);
+        setLoading(false);
+      },
+      () => {
+        if (!current) return;
+        setError(true);
+        setLoading(false);
+      },
+    );
+    // The material is a snapshot. Language changes re-render its presentation
+    // without reading paths or snippets again.
+    return () => {
+      current = false;
+    };
+  }, [bridge]);
+
+  if (loading && !material)
+    return <p role="status">{t("connectionFallback.loading")}</p>;
+  if (error && !material)
+    return (
+      <p role="alert">
+        {t("connectionFallback.loadFailed")}
+        <button type="button" className="quiet" onClick={() => void load()}>
+          <RefreshCw size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
+          {t("connectionFallback.retry")}
+        </button>
+      </p>
+    );
+  if (!material) return null;
+
+  const shellBlock = material.shell
+    ? t("connectionFallback.promptShell", { shell: material.shell })
+    : "";
+  const prompt =
+    locale === "zh-CN"
+      ? material.prompt
+      : t("connectionFallback.promptTemplate", {
+          mcp: material.mcp,
+          shellBlock,
+        });
+  const value =
+    tab === "prompt"
+      ? prompt
+      : tab === "mcp"
+        ? material.mcp
+        : (material.shell ?? "");
+  const copyLabel =
+    tab === "prompt"
+      ? t("connectionFallback.copyPrompt")
+      : tab === "mcp"
+        ? t("connectionFallback.copyConfig")
+        : t("connectionFallback.copyCommand");
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <p className="connection-boundary">
+        {t("connectionFallback.localDescription")}
+      </p>
+      <fieldset>
+        <legend>{t("connectionFallback.format")}</legend>
+        <div role="tablist">
+          {(
+            [
+              ["prompt", t("connectionFallback.promptTab")],
+              ["mcp", t("connectionFallback.mcpTab")],
+              ["shell", t("connectionFallback.commandTab")],
+            ] as const
+          ).map(([value, label]) => (
+            <button
+              key={value}
+              type="button"
+              role="tab"
+              aria-selected={tab === value}
+              disabled={value === "shell" && !material.shell}
+              onClick={() => {
+                setTab(value);
+                setNotice("");
+              }}
+            >
+              {label}
+            </button>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </fieldset>
+      <textarea
+        aria-label={t("connectionFallback.materialLabel")}
+        readOnly
+        value={value}
+        spellCheck={false}
+      />
+      <p>{t("connectionFallback.materialBoundary")}</p>
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        className="secondary"
+        onClick={async () => {
+          try {
+            await copyText(value);
+            setNotice(t("connectionFallback.materialCopied"));
+          } catch {
+            setNotice(t("connectionFallback.copyFailed"));
+          }
+        }}
+      >
+        <Copy size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
+        {copyLabel}
+      </button>
+      {notice && <p role="status">{notice}</p>}
+    </>
+  );
+}

memhub/apps/web/src/DebugLogPanel.test.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ import {
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { DebugLogPanel } from "./DebugLogPanel";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
 import {
   recordRendererDebugLog,
   resetRendererDebugLogsForTest,
@@ -87,6 +92,7 @@ const snapshot = {
 };
 
 beforeEach(() => {
+  window.localStorage.clear();
   resetRendererDebugLogsForTest();
   diagnosticLevel.get.mockClear();
   diagnosticLevel.set.mockClear();
@@ -102,6 +108,55 @@ afterEach(() => {
   vi.useRealTimers();
 });
 
+function SwitchLanguage() {
+  const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+      Cambiar idioma
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+
+it("translates controls live but preserves events and does not change capture", async () => {
+  // A language bridge is not required by this synthetic browser fixture.
+  const read = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(snapshot);
+  window.oneMemory = undefined;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const view = render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <DebugLogPanel />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  window.oneMemory = { getDebugLogs: read } as unknown as NonNullable<
+    typeof window.oneMemory
+  >;
+  view.rerender(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <DebugLogPanel />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await userEvent.click(
+    await screen.findByRole("button", {
+      name: "Abrir registros de depuración",
+    }),
+  );
+  await screen.findByText(/source\.scanned/);
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("searchbox", { name: "Buscar registros" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  await userEvent.click(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Pausar actualización en vivo" }),
+  );
+  const count = read.mock.calls.length;
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Cambiar idioma" }));
+  await screen.findByRole("searchbox", { name: "搜索日志" });
+  expect(screen.getByText(/source\.scanned/)).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(read).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(count);
+  expect(diagnosticLevel.set).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+
 it("opens from the floating button and filters by text, level and source", async () => {
   render(<DebugLogPanel />);
   await userEvent.click(
@@ -255,3 +310,51 @@ it("shows per-minute model usage in a separate tab", async () => {
     }),
   ).toBeTruthy();
 });
+
+it("shows the diagnostics tabs and model usage in Spanish without Chinese copy", async () => {
+  // Browser-mode language, then the desktop log bridge, as in the test above.
+  const bridge = window.oneMemory;
+  window.oneMemory = undefined;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const view = render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <DebugLogPanel />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  window.oneMemory = bridge;
+  view.rerender(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <DebugLogPanel />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await userEvent.click(
+    await screen.findByRole("button", {
+      name: "Abrir registros de depuración",
+    }),
+  );
+  const panel = await screen.findByRole("complementary", {
+    name: "Registros de depuración",
+  });
+  expect(within(panel).getByText("Diagnóstico")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    within(panel).getByRole("button", {
+      name: "Mostrar los registros en pantalla completa",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+
+  await userEvent.click(
+    within(panel).getByRole("tab", { name: "Uso del modelo" }),
+  );
+
+  await waitFor(() => expect(diagnosticLevel.usage).toHaveBeenCalled());
+  expect(within(panel).getByText("Tokens totales")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    within(panel).getByText("Uso del modelo que genera memorias"),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    within(panel).getByRole("img", {
+      name: "Tokens consumidos por minuto de cada prompt",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(panel.textContent).not.toMatch(/[一-鿿]/);
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/DebugLogPanel.tsx

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import type {
   DebugLogLevel,
   DebugLogSnapshot,
 } from "./debug-log-types";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { ModelUsageView } from "./ModelUsageView";
 import {
   rendererDebugLogs,
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ const SERVICE_LABELS: Record<DebugLogEntry["service"], string> = {
 };
 
 export function DebugLogPanel() {
+  const { t, tnPlain, locale } = useGuiLanguage();
   const supported = typeof window.oneMemory?.getDebugLogs === "function";
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
   const [fullscreen, setFullscreen] = useState(false);
@@ -171,23 +173,23 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
       {open ? (
         <aside
           className={`debug-log-panel${fullscreen ? " is-fullscreen" : ""}`}
-          aria-label="Debug 日志"
+          aria-label={t("debugTitle")}
         >
           <header className="debug-log-header">
             <div>
-              <strong>诊断</strong>
+              <strong>{t("debugDiagnostics")}</strong>
               <span>
                 {tab === "logs"
-                  ? `${entries.length} 条日志，本次启动`
-                  : "记忆沉淀模型用量"}
+                  ? tnPlain("debugCount", entries.length)
+                  : t("debugUsageSubtitle")}
               </span>
             </div>
             <div className="debug-log-header-actions">
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="debug-icon-button"
-                title={live ? "暂停实时刷新" : "继续实时刷新"}
-                aria-label={live ? "暂停实时刷新" : "继续实时刷新"}
+                title={live ? t("debugPause") : t("debugResume")}
+                aria-label={live ? t("debugPause") : t("debugResume")}
                 onClick={() => setLive((value) => !value)}
               >
                 {live ? <CirclePause size={17} /> : <CirclePlay size={17} />}
@@ -195,8 +197,8 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="debug-icon-button"
-                title="立即刷新"
-                aria-label="立即刷新"
+                title={t("debugRefresh")}
+                aria-label={t("debugRefresh")}
                 onClick={() => {
                   if (tab === "logs") void refresh();
                   else setUsageRefreshToken((value) => value + 1);
@@ -210,8 +212,14 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="debug-icon-button"
-                title={fullscreen ? "退出全屏" : "全屏显示"}
-                aria-label={fullscreen ? "退出全屏显示日志" : "全屏显示日志"}
+                title={t(
+                  fullscreen ? "debugExitFullscreen" : "debugFullscreen",
+                )}
+                aria-label={t(
+                  fullscreen
+                    ? "debugExitFullscreenLabel"
+                    : "debugFullscreenLabel",
+                )}
                 onClick={() => setFullscreen((value) => !value)}
               >
                 {fullscreen ? <Minimize2 size={17} /> : <Maximize2 size={17} />}
@@ -219,8 +227,8 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="debug-icon-button"
-                title="关闭 Debug 日志"
-                aria-label="关闭 Debug 日志"
+                title={t("debugClose")}
+                aria-label={t("debugClose")}
                 onClick={() => {
                   setFullscreen(false);
                   setOpen(false);
@@ -233,7 +241,7 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
           <div
             className="debug-panel-tabs"
             role="tablist"
-            aria-label="诊断页面"
+            aria-label={t("debugTabs")}
           >
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -241,7 +249,7 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
               aria-selected={tab === "logs"}
               onClick={() => setTab("logs")}
             >
-              日志
+              {t("debugLogsTab")}
             </button>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -249,7 +257,7 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
               aria-selected={tab === "usage"}
               onClick={() => setTab("usage")}
             >
-              模型用量
+              {t("debugUsageTab")}
             </button>
           </div>
           {tab === "logs" ? (
@@ -261,18 +269,18 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                     type="search"
                     value={query}
                     onChange={(event) => setQuery(event.target.value)}
-                    placeholder="搜索事件、组件、错误码或内容"
-                    aria-label="搜索日志"
+                    placeholder={t("debugSearchPlaceholder")}
+                    aria-label={t("debugSearch")}
                   />
                 </label>
                 <select
-                  aria-label="日志来源"
+                  aria-label={t("debugSource")}
                   value={service}
                   onChange={(event) =>
                     setService(event.target.value as typeof service)
                   }
                 >
-                  <option value="all">全部来源</option>
+                  <option value="all">{t("debugAllSources")}</option>
                   {Object.entries(SERVICE_LABELS).map(([value, label]) => (
                     <option key={value} value={value}>
                       {label}
@@ -280,9 +288,9 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                   ))}
                 </select>
                 <label className="debug-capture-level">
-                  <span>采集级别</span>
+                  <span>{t("debugCapture")}</span>
                   <select
-                    aria-label="采集级别"
+                    aria-label={t("debugCapture")}
                     value={captureLevel}
                     disabled={capturePending}
                     onChange={(event) => {
@@ -303,7 +311,7 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                 </label>
               </div>
               <fieldset className="debug-levels">
-                <legend>显示级别</legend>
+                <legend>{t("debugDisplay")}</legend>
                 {LEVELS.map((option) => (
                   <button
                     type="button"
@@ -311,16 +319,20 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                     aria-pressed={level === option.value}
                     onClick={() => setLevel(option.value)}
                   >
-                    {option.label}
+                    {option.value === "all" ? t("debugAll") : option.label}
                   </button>
                 ))}
               </fieldset>
               <div className="debug-log-status" aria-live="polite">
-                <span>{filtered.length} 条匹配</span>
-                <span>{live ? "实时刷新" : "已暂停"}</span>
-                {snapshot?.truncated ? <span>日志过多，已截断</span> : null}
+                <span>{tnPlain("debugMatches", filtered.length)}</span>
+                <span>{live ? t("debugLive") : t("debugPaused")}</span>
+                {snapshot?.truncated ? (
+                  <span>{t("debugTruncated")}</span>
+                ) : null}
                 {readState === "error" ? (
-                  <span className="debug-read-error">读取失败</span>
+                  <span className="debug-read-error">
+                    {t("debugReadError")}
+                  </span>
                 ) : null}
               </div>
               <div
@@ -347,7 +359,7 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                           ) : (
                             <ChevronRight size={14} />
                           )}
-                          <time>{logTime(entry.timestamp)}</time>
+                          <time>{logTime(entry.timestamp, locale)}</time>
                           <span className="debug-log-level">{entry.level}</span>
                           <span className="debug-log-service">
                             {SERVICE_LABELS[entry.service]}
@@ -369,8 +381,8 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
                 ) : (
                   <p className="debug-log-empty">
                     {readState === "loading"
-                      ? "正在读取日志…"
-                      : "没有匹配的日志"}
+                      ? t("debugLoading")
+                      : t("debugEmpty")}
                   </p>
                 )}
               </div>
@@ -383,8 +395,8 @@ export function DebugLogPanel() {
       <button
         type="button"
         className="debug-fab"
-        aria-label={open ? "Debug 日志已打开" : "打开 Debug 日志"}
-        title="打开 Debug 日志"
+        aria-label={open ? t("debugOpened") : t("debugOpen")}
+        title={t("debugOpen")}
         onClick={() => setOpen(true)}
       >
         <Bug size={20} aria-hidden="true" />
@@ -400,9 +412,9 @@ function searchableEntry(entry: DebugLogEntry): string {
   return JSON.stringify(entry).toLocaleLowerCase();
 }
 
-function logTime(timestamp: string): string {
+function logTime(timestamp: string, locale: string): string {
   const date = new Date(timestamp);
   return Number.isNaN(date.getTime())
     ? timestamp
-    : date.toLocaleTimeString("zh-CN", { hour12: false });
+    : date.toLocaleTimeString(locale, { hour12: false });
 }

memhub/apps/web/src/DesktopFrame.test.tsx

@@ -47,17 +47,18 @@ describe("desktop window frame", () => {
         container.querySelectorAll(".onboarding-r6-titlebar"),
       ).toHaveLength(1);
       expect(container.querySelector(".onboarding-r6-traffic")).toBeNull();
-      // The user removed the mark, the "One Memory" wordmark and the
-      // "第一次见面" caption on 2026-09-20. The bar stays empty; MemHub is not
-      // put back into it.
+      // Branding stays removed; only the explicit GUI language selector
+      // occupies the native titlebar, outside the draggable area.
       expect(screen.queryByText("MemHub")).toBeNull();
       expect(screen.queryByText("One Memory")).toBeNull();
       expect(screen.queryByText("第一次见面")).toBeNull();
       expect(
         container.querySelector(".onboarding-r6-titlebar")?.children.length,
-      ).toBe(0);
+      ).toBe(1);
+      expect(screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: "界面语言" })).toBeTruthy();
       const titlebar = declaration(".onboarding-r6-titlebar");
-      expect(titlebar).toMatch(/flex:\s*0 0 58px/);
+      expect(titlebar).toMatch(/flex:\s*0 0 auto/);
+      expect(titlebar).toMatch(/min-height:\s*58px/);
       expect(titlebar).toMatch(/-webkit-app-region:\s*drag/);
     },
   );

memhub/apps/web/src/FirstImportReview.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { ImportJob, SourceResponse } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { Pause, Play } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { connectionHostId } from "./connection-hosts";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { R6ColdStartFrame } from "./R6ColdStartFrame";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 import { R6ImportProgress } from "./R6ImportProgress";
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
   onConnectionDraftChange,
   onContinue,
 }: FirstImportReviewProps) {
+  const { text, t } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const stale = sourceSnapshot?.stale === true;
   const ids = [...new Set(sourceIds)];
   // Without explicit IDs, capture the initial batch once; later sync/history jobs
@@ -120,7 +122,14 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
   );
   const progressStale = stale && batch.length === 0;
   const [changing, setChanging] = useState(false);
-  const [actionMessage, setActionMessage] = useState("");
+  const [actionResult, setActionResult] = useState<{
+    stopped: boolean;
+    confirmed: number;
+    failed: number;
+  } | null>(null);
+  const actionMessage = actionResult
+    ? `${actionResult.stopped ? t("onboardingBatchStopped") : ""}${t("onboardingBatchResult", { confirmed: actionResult.confirmed, failed: actionResult.failed })}${actionResult.failed ? text("已确认项保留，请核对未确认任务后重试。") : ""}`
+    : "";
   const batchFlight = useRef(false),
     stopBatch = useRef(false),
     mounted = useRef(true);
@@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
     batchFlight.current = true;
     stopBatch.current = false;
     setChanging(true);
-    setActionMessage("");
+    setActionResult(null);
     let confirmed = 0,
       failed = 0;
     try {
@@ -262,9 +271,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
         }
       }
       if (mounted.current)
-        setActionMessage(
-          `${stopBatch.current ? "已停止后续操作；已发出的操作仍按回执核对。" : ""}已确认 ${confirmed} 项，${failed} 项未确认。${failed ? "已确认项保留，请核对未确认任务后重试。" : ""}`,
-        );
+        setActionResult({ stopped: stopBatch.current, confirmed, failed });
     } finally {
       batchFlight.current = false;
       if (mounted.current) setChanging(false);
@@ -274,21 +281,23 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
   return (
     <R6ColdStartFrame
       step={2}
-      title={title}
-      eyebrow="导入进行中 · 顺手连接应用"
+      title={text(title)}
+      eyebrow={text("导入进行中 · 顺手连接应用")}
       footer={
         <>
           <div className="first-import-r6-footer-note">
             <p>
-              {allCompleted
-                ? "对话已保存，记忆尚待生成。"
-                : displayImporting
-                  ? "导入在后台继续，无需等待。"
-                  : stale
-                    ? "正在重新核对来源；已保存数量仍按任务回执显示。"
-                    : allPaused
-                      ? "本次历史导入已暂停，已保存的对话还在。"
-                      : "导入等待处理，已保存的对话还在。"}
+              {text(
+                allCompleted
+                  ? "对话已保存，记忆尚待生成。"
+                  : displayImporting
+                    ? "导入在后台继续，无需等待。"
+                    : stale
+                      ? "正在重新核对来源；已保存数量仍按任务回执显示。"
+                      : allPaused
+                        ? "本次历史导入已暂停，已保存的对话还在。"
+                        : "导入等待处理，已保存的对话还在。",
+              )}
             </p>
             {(error || actionMessage) && (
               <p
@@ -307,7 +316,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                     : undefined
                 }
               >
-                {error || actionMessage}
+                {error ? text(error) : actionMessage}
               </p>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -318,7 +327,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                   stopBatch.current = true;
                 }}
               >
-                停止后续操作
+                {text("停止后续操作")}
               </R6Button>
             ) : onChangeJob && (canPause || canResume) ? (
               <R6Button
@@ -330,7 +339,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                 ) : (
                   <Play size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
                 )}
-                {canPause ? "暂停导入" : "继续导入"}
+                {text(canPause ? "暂停导入" : "继续导入")}
               </R6Button>
             ) : null}
             {recovery ? (
@@ -342,18 +351,20 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                     recovery.onSkip();
                   }}
                 >
-                  {recovery.destination === "sources"
-                    ? "仍进入应用页"
-                    : recovery.destination === "settings"
-                      ? "仍进入设置"
-                      : "仍进入工作台"}
+                  {text(
+                    recovery.destination === "sources"
+                      ? "仍进入应用页"
+                      : recovery.destination === "settings"
+                        ? "仍进入设置"
+                        : "仍进入工作台",
+                  )}
                 </R6Button>
                 <R6Button
                   variant="primary"
                   disabled={busy}
                   onClick={() => leave(recovery.destination)}
                 >
-                  重试保存并进入
+                  {text("重试保存并进入")}
                 </R6Button>
               </>
             ) : (
@@ -362,7 +373,7 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                 disabled={busy}
                 onClick={() => leave("settings")}
               >
-                配置模型，沉淀记忆
+                {text("配置模型，沉淀记忆")}
               </R6Button>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -370,19 +381,25 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
       }
     >
       <div className="first-import-r6-layout">
-        <section className="first-import-r6-main" aria-label="导入与原文">
+        <section
+          className="first-import-r6-main"
+          aria-label={text("导入与原文")}
+        >
           <p className="first-import-r6-intro">
-            {allCompleted
-              ? "本次导入已结束。已保存的对话无需重复导入。"
-              : "对话先保存在本机。你可以同时设置后续连接。"}
+            {text(
+              allCompleted
+                ? "本次导入已结束。已保存的对话无需重复导入。"
+                : "对话先保存在本机。你可以同时设置后续连接。",
+            )}
           </p>
           <p className="first-import-r6-subintro">
-            导入不会自动开放应用读取权限。配置模型后，才会开始生成记忆。
+            {text(
+              "导入不会自动开放应用读取权限。配置模型后，才会开始生成记忆。",
+            )}
           </p>
           {historyWindowLimited && (
             <p className="first-import-r6-history-window" role="status">
-              检测到会话数据量较大。为控制用量并保持各应用时间线一致，本次所有应用仅导入最近
-              3 天的对话。
+              {t("onboardingHistoryWindow")}
             </p>
           )}
           <R6ImportProgress
@@ -391,21 +408,24 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
             jobs={batch}
             stale={progressStale}
           />
-          <section className="first-import-r6-feed" aria-label="导入说明">
-            <h2>正在导入你的会话</h2>
+          <section
+            className="first-import-r6-feed"
+            aria-label={text("导入说明")}
+          >
+            <h2>{text("正在导入你的会话")}</h2>
             <p className="first-import-r6-feed-status">
-              后台将持续为你导入，可以放心进入下一步
+              {text("后台将持续为你导入，可以放心进入下一步")}
             </p>
             {Object.keys(failedSources).length > 0 && (
               <section
                 className="first-import-r6-failures"
-                aria-label="未开始的导入"
+                aria-label={text("未开始的导入")}
               >
                 {Object.keys(failedSources).map((id) => (
                   <p key={id}>
                     {sources.find((source) => source.source_id === id)
                       ?.display_name ?? id}{" "}
-                    未能开始导入，其他已接受任务不受影响。
+                    {text("未能开始导入，其他已接受任务不受影响。")}
                   </p>
                 ))}
                 <R6Button
@@ -413,27 +433,30 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
                   disabled={busy}
                   onClick={() => leave("sources")}
                 >
-                  查看未导入的应用
+                  {text("查看未导入的应用")}
                 </R6Button>
               </section>
             )}
           </section>
         </section>
-        <aside className="first-import-r6-options" aria-label="连接应用">
-          <p className="first-import-r6-eyebrow">让记忆继续生长</p>
-          <h2>连接你的应用</h2>
+        <aside
+          className="first-import-r6-options"
+          aria-label={text("连接应用")}
+        >
+          <p className="first-import-r6-eyebrow">{text("让记忆继续生长")}</p>
+          <h2>{text("连接你的应用")}</h2>
           <p className="first-import-r6-options-intro">
-            适用于本次选择且支持的应用。
+            {text("适用于本次选择且支持的应用。")}
           </p>
           <SelectionTile
-            title={
-              hostConnectionAvailable ? "一键接入应用" : "测试实例不接入应用"
-            }
-            body={
+            title={text(
+              hostConnectionAvailable ? "一键接入应用" : "测试实例不接入应用",
+            )}
+            body={text(
               hostConnectionAvailable
                 ? "安装记忆连接，让所选应用用上 MemHub 中的相关记忆。"
-                : "当前使用独立测试数据目录，不会修改本机应用的连接配置。"
-            }
+                : "当前使用独立测试数据目录，不会修改本机应用的连接配置。",
+            )}
             checked={
               hostConnectionAvailable &&
               !!hostEligible.length &&
@@ -456,12 +479,16 @@ export function FirstImportReview({
             }
           />
           {connectionNote && (
-            <p className="first-import-r6-options-note">{connectionNote}</p>
+            <p className="first-import-r6-options-note">
+              {text(connectionNote)}
+            </p>
           )}
           <p className="first-import-r6-options-note">
-            {draftReady
-              ? "点击底部按钮后，后台分别接入各应用；某个应用失败不影响其他应用。"
-              : "暂时无法连接应用，当前不会安装连接。"}
+            {text(
+              draftReady
+                ? "点击底部按钮后，后台分别接入各应用；某个应用失败不影响其他应用。"
+                : "暂时无法连接应用，当前不会安装连接。",
+            )}
           </p>
         </aside>
       </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/FirstUseGuide.test.tsx

@@ -1,9 +1,58 @@
 // @vitest-environment jsdom
 import type { MemoryDetail, SourceResponse } from "@one-memory/contracts";
-import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import {
+  act,
+  cleanup,
+  fireEvent,
+  render,
+  screen,
+  waitFor,
+} from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { FirstUseGuide, FirstUseInvitation } from "./FirstUseGuide";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
+
+function GuideLanguageSwitch() {
+  const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+      Cambiar idioma
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+
+it("localizes the supported guide without changing original memory or copying", async () => {
+  window.oneMemory = undefined;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <GuideLanguageSwitch />
+      <FirstUseGuide sources={[source]} onSources={vi.fn()} onClose={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", {
+    name: "Retoma tu próxima conversación",
+  });
+  await screen.findByText(detail.memory.content, { selector: "blockquote" });
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Copiar mensaje inicial" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  const reads = getMemory.mock.calls.length;
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("Cambiar idioma"));
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "让下一次对话接得上" });
+  expect(getMemory).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(reads);
+  expect(
+    screen.getByText(detail.memory.content, { selector: "blockquote" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(copyText).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(openHandoff).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
 
 const getMemories = vi.fn(),
   getMemory = vi.fn(),

memhub/apps/web/src/FirstUseGuide.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type {
   MemoryDetail,
   SourceResponse,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import type { MessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
   ArrowRight,
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ import {
   sameGuideMemory,
 } from "./first-use-model";
 import type { RecallHostStatus } from "./global";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { refreshRecallHosts, useRecallHosts } from "./host-state";
 import { refreshSources } from "./source-state";
 
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
   onSources(): void;
   onClose(): void;
 }) {
+  const { t, tn, locale } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [scene, setScene] = useState<GuideScenario>("same");
   const [route, setRoute] = useState<GuideRoute>("context");
   const [memories, setMemories] = useState<GovernedMemory[]>([]);
@@ -52,11 +55,12 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
   const hosts = hostsError ? NO_HOSTS : (hostRead.data ?? NO_HOSTS);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [detailLoading, setDetailLoading] = useState(false);
-  const [error, setError] = useState("");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<MessageKey | "">("");
   const [reload, setReload] = useState(0);
   const [targetId, setTargetId] = useState("");
   const [topic, setTopic] = useState("");
-  const [notice, setNotice] = useState("");
+  const [notice, setNotice] = useState<MessageKey | "">("");
+  const [noticeHost, setNoticeHost] = useState("");
   const [copiedKey, setCopiedKey] = useState("");
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
   const [reported, setReported] = useState<"ok" | "missing" | null>(null);
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
         if (!cancelled) {
           setMemories([]);
           setSelectedId("");
-          setError("暂时无法读取记忆，可稍后重试。");
+          setError("guideReadError");
         }
       })
       .finally(() => {
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
         );
       })
       .catch(() => {
-        if (!cancelled) setError("这条记忆暂不可读，请换一条或刷新。");
+        if (!cancelled) setError("guideDetailError");
       })
       .finally(() => {
         if (!cancelled) setDetailLoading(false);
@@ -172,7 +176,12 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
   const nameOf = (id: string) =>
     sources.find((item) => item.source_id === id)?.display_name ??
     (id === "one-memory-manual" ? "端内添加" : id);
+  // The handoff draft is task content, not UI copy: retain its existing wording.
   const sourceLabel = sourceIds.map(nameOf).join("、") || "原应用";
+  const displaySourceLabel =
+    sourceIds
+      .map((id) => (id === "one-memory-manual" ? t("guideManual") : nameOf(id)))
+      .join(t("guideListSeparator")) || t("guideOriginalApp");
   const draft =
     available && detail
       ? draftForScenario(scene, effectiveRoute, topic, detail, sourceLabel)
@@ -218,7 +227,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
       ) {
         setDetail(null);
         setCopiedKey("");
-        setError("记忆内容或授权已变化，请刷新后重新核对。");
+        setError("guideChanged");
         return;
       }
       if (
@@ -232,7 +241,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
         )
       ) {
         setCopiedKey("");
-        setNotice("连接状态已变化，尚未复制。请重新选择方式。");
+        setNotice("guideConnectionChanged");
         return;
       }
       validated = true;
@@ -242,25 +251,24 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
       if (open && host?.handoff === "open" && window.oneMemory) {
         try {
           const result = await window.oneMemory.openHandoff(host.hostId, draft);
-          if (current())
+          if (current()) {
+            setNoticeHost(host.label);
             setNotice(
-              result.opened
-                ? `已复制并请求打开 ${host.label}。尚未发送，请核对输入框。`
-                : "已完整复制，未能预填。可在目标应用粘贴，尚未发送。",
+              result.opened ? "guideCopiedOpened" : "guideCopiedNotFilled",
             );
+          }
         } catch {
-          if (current())
-            setNotice("已完整复制，但未能打开目标应用。尚未发送。");
+          if (current()) setNotice("guideCopiedNotOpened");
         }
-      } else setNotice("已完整复制。尚未发送，也没有新增读取授权。");
+      } else setNotice("guideCopied");
     } catch {
       if (current()) {
         if (!validated) {
           setDetail(null);
           setCopiedKey("");
-          setError("无法核对当前记忆与授权，旧预览已收起。请刷新后重试。");
+          setError("guideValidationError");
         }
-        setNotice("未能核对最新内容或完成复制。请重试；没有打开目标应用。");
+        setNotice("guideCopyError");
       }
     } finally {
       if (current()) setBusy(false);
@@ -271,16 +279,16 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
     <section className="view first-use-view" aria-labelledby="first-use-title">
       <header className="first-use-heading">
         <div>
-          <p className="first-use-eyebrow">上手体验</p>
-          <h1 id="first-use-title">让下一次对话接得上</h1>
+          <p className="first-use-eyebrow">{t("guideEyebrow")}</p>
+          <h1 id="first-use-title">{t("guideTitle")}</h1>
         </div>
         <button type="button" className="quiet" onClick={onClose}>
           <ArrowLeft size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          返回记忆
+          {t("guideBack")}
         </button>
       </header>
       <fieldset className="first-use-scenarios">
-        <legend className="sr-only">选择使用场景</legend>
+        <legend className="sr-only">{t("guideChooseScene")}</legend>
         {GUIDE_SCENARIOS.map((item, index) => (
           <label key={item.id} data-selected={scene === item.id}>
             <input
@@ -296,47 +304,61 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
               }}
             />
             <span className="first-use-number">0{index + 1}</span>
-            <span>{item.label}</span>
+            <span>
+              {t(
+                item.id === "same"
+                  ? "guideSame"
+                  : item.id === "switch"
+                    ? "guideSwitch"
+                    : "guideNew",
+              )}
+            </span>
           </label>
         ))}
       </fieldset>
-      <p className="first-use-description">{scenario.description}</p>
+      <p className="first-use-description">
+        {t(
+          scenario.id === "same"
+            ? "guideSameDescription"
+            : scenario.id === "switch"
+              ? "guideSwitchDescription"
+              : "guideNewDescription",
+        )}
+      </p>
       {importedMessages > 0 && (
         <p className="first-use-receipt">
-          本机已保存 {importedMessages.toLocaleString()} 条原始消息 ·{" "}
+          {tn("guideSaved", importedMessages)}
           {loading
-            ? "正在读取已整理记忆"
-            : `本页已加载 ${memories.length} 条可用记忆`}
-          。两个阶段分别计数。
+            ? t("guideReadingMemories")
+            : tn("guideLoaded", memories.length)}
+          {t("guideSeparate")}
         </p>
       )}
       <div className="first-use-path">
-        <span>选择背景</span>
+        <span>{t("guideChooseBackground")}</span>
         <ArrowRight size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-        <span>核对来源</span>
+        <span>{t("guideCheckSources")}</span>
         <ArrowRight size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-        <span>到新对话试用</span>
+        <span>{t("guideTry")}</span>
       </div>
       {error && (
         <p className="error-banner" role="alert">
-          {error}
+          {t(error)}
         </p>
       )}
       {loading ? (
-        <p role="status">正在读取本机已有记忆…</p>
+        <p role="status">{t("guideLoading")}</p>
       ) : !memories.length ? (
         <section className="first-use-empty">
           <FileText size={28} aria-hidden="true" />
-          <h2>先留下一条真正有用的背景</h2>
-          <p>
-            目前没有可用于这次体验的记忆。已导入的原文不等于已经整理好；候选内容也不会被自动带出。
-          </p>
+          <h2>{t("guideEmptyTitle")}</h2>
+          <p>{t("guideEmptyDescription")}</p>
           <div>
             <button type="button" onClick={onClose}>
-              去添加记忆
+              {t("guideAdd")}
             </button>
             <button type="button" className="secondary" onClick={onSources}>
-              查看导入与连接
+              {t("guideConnections")}
             </button>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -344,7 +366,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
               onClick={() => setReload((n) => n + 1)}
             >
               <RefreshCw size={15} />
-              刷新
+              {t("guideRefresh")}
             </button>
           </div>
         </section>
@@ -355,12 +377,12 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
             aria-labelledby="guide-background-title"
           >
             <header>
-              <h2 id="guide-background-title">这次用到的背景</h2>
+              <h2 id="guide-background-title">{t("guideBackgroundTitle")}</h2>
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="quiet"
-                title="刷新示例"
-                aria-label="刷新示例"
+                title={t("guideRefreshExample")}
+                aria-label={t("guideRefreshExample")}
                 onClick={() => {
                   changed();
                   setDetail(null);
@@ -372,7 +394,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
               </button>
             </header>
             <label className="first-use-field">
-              选择一条记忆
+              {t("guideChooseMemory")}
               <select
                 value={selectedId}
                 onChange={(event) => {
@@ -390,46 +412,51 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
               </select>
             </label>
             <p className="first-use-meta">
-              从当前已加载的 {memories.length}{" "}
-              条可用记忆中选择，不代表全部历史。
+              {tn("guideLoadedScope", memories.length)}
             </p>
             {detailLoading ? (
-              <p role="status">正在核对原始依据…</p>
+              <p role="status">{t("guideCheckingEvidence")}</p>
             ) : available && detail ? (
               <>
                 <blockquote className="first-use-memory">
                   {detail.memory.content}
                 </blockquote>
                 <p className="first-use-meta">
-                  {sourceLabel} · 版本 {detail.memory.revision} ·
-                  系统整理，需你核对
+                  {t("guideRevision", {
+                    source: displaySourceLabel,
+                    revision: detail.memory.revision.toLocaleString(locale),
+                  })}
                 </p>
                 <p className="first-use-scope">
-                  适用范围：
+                  {t("guideScope")}
                   {detail.memory.scopes.includes("all-apps")
-                    ? "已设为跨应用可用，不等于个人偏好"
+                    ? t("guideAllApps")
                     : detail.memory.scopes.includes("private")
-                      ? "已停止外部记忆召回；手动带出需另行确认"
-                      : "限定范围，未扩大外部召回范围"}
+                      ? t("guidePrivate")
+                      : t("guideLimited")}
                 </p>
                 <details className="first-use-evidence" open>
-                  <summary>原始依据 · {detail.evidence.length} 段</summary>
+                  <summary>
+                    {tn("guideEvidence", detail.evidence.length)}
+                  </summary>
                   {detail.evidence.map((item) => (
                     <article key={item.evidence_id}>
                       <header>
                         <span>
-                          {item.source_id ? nameOf(item.source_id) : "未知来源"}
+                          {item.source_id
+                            ? nameOf(item.source_id)
+                            : t("guideUnknownSource")}
                         </span>
                         <span>
                           {item.written_by === "person"
-                            ? "你"
+                            ? t("guideYou")
                             : item.written_by === "agent"
                               ? "Agent"
-                              : "作者未识别"}{" "}
+                              : t("guideUnknownAuthor")}{" "}
                           ·{" "}
                           {item.created_at
-                            ? new Date(item.created_at).toLocaleString()
-                            : "时间未知"}
+                            ? new Date(item.created_at).toLocaleString(locale)
+                            : t("guideUnknownTime")}
                         </span>
                       </header>
                       <p>{item.verbatim}</p>
@@ -438,18 +465,16 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                 </details>
               </>
             ) : (
-              <p className="first-use-unavailable">
-                原文或当前授权不可用。换一条背景或刷新后再试，不会带出这条内容。
-              </p>
+              <p className="first-use-unavailable">{t("guideUnavailable")}</p>
             )}
           </section>
           <section
             className="first-use-destination"
             aria-labelledby="guide-draft-title"
           >
-            <h2 id="guide-draft-title">下一段对话的开场白</h2>
+            <h2 id="guide-draft-title">{t("guideDraftTitle")}</h2>
             <label className="first-use-field">
-              在哪个应用试用
+              {t("guideChooseApp")}
               <select
                 value={host?.hostId ?? ""}
                 onChange={(event) => {
@@ -458,7 +483,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                   setRoute("context");
                 }}
               >
-                <option value="">自行选择应用 · 仅复制</option>
+                <option value="">{t("guideCopyOnly")}</option>
                 {destinations.map((item) => (
                   <option key={item.hostId} value={item.hostId}>
                     {item.label}
@@ -468,14 +493,14 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
             </label>
             <p className="first-use-connection">
               {hostsError
-                ? "暂时无法读取连接状态，可重试或仅复制背景。"
+                ? t("guideHostsError")
                 : !host
-                  ? "尚未选择已连接的应用。手动带入不等于安装连接。"
+                  ? t("guideNoApp")
                   : canQuery
-                    ? "上次自检可达，本次是否用对仍需核对。"
+                    ? t("guideWired")
                     : host.installed
-                      ? "已安装连接，尚未验证读取。"
-                      : "尚未安装读取连接。"}
+                      ? t("guideInstalled")
+                      : t("guideNotInstalled")}
             </p>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -483,10 +508,10 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
               onClick={onSources}
             >
               <Link2 size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-              管理应用连接
+              {t("guideManage")}
             </button>
             <fieldset className="first-use-routes">
-              <legend className="sr-only">选择带入方式</legend>
+              <legend className="sr-only">{t("guideChooseRoute")}</legend>
               <label>
                 <input
                   type="radio"
@@ -497,7 +522,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                     setRoute("context");
                   }}
                 />
-                带入背景
+                {t("guideContext")}
               </label>
               <label>
                 <input
@@ -510,12 +535,12 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                     setRoute("query");
                   }}
                 />
-                让应用查询
+                {t("guideQuery")}
               </label>
             </fieldset>
             {effectiveRoute === "query" && (
               <label className="first-use-field">
-                要接续的主题
+                {t("guideTopic")}
                 <input
                   value={topic}
                   maxLength={160}
@@ -528,17 +553,17 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
             )}
             <p className="first-use-meta">
               {effectiveRoute === "query"
-                ? "只带查询，不把上方的预期答案塞进新会话。"
+                ? t("guideQueryHint")
                 : scene === "new"
-                  ? "仅带你选择的这一条，不自动生成个人画像。"
-                  : "完整带入这一条背景与引用；这不是自动召回测试。"}
+                  ? t("guideNewHint")
+                  : t("guideContextHint")}
             </p>
             <textarea
               className="first-use-draft"
-              aria-label="开场白完整预览"
+              aria-label={t("guidePreview")}
               readOnly
               value={draft}
-              placeholder="原始依据可用后显示开场白"
+              placeholder={t("guidePreviewPlaceholder")}
               spellCheck={false}
             />
             <div className="first-use-actions">
@@ -548,7 +573,7 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                 onClick={() => void carry(false)}
               >
                 <Copy size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-                {busy ? "正在核对…" : "复制开场白"}
+                {busy ? t("guideChecking") : t("guideCopy")}
               </button>
               {host?.handoff === "open" && (
                 <button
@@ -558,18 +583,18 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                   onClick={() => void carry(true)}
                 >
                   <ExternalLink size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-                  复制并打开 {host.label}
+                  {t("guideCopyOpen", { host: host.label })}
                 </button>
               )}
             </div>
             {notice && (
               <p className="first-use-notice" role="status">
-                {notice}
+                {t(notice, { host: noticeHost })}
               </p>
             )}
             {copiedKey === contextKey && (
               <section className="first-use-result">
-                <p>尚无本次外部调用回执。新对话是否引用了正确的背景？</p>
+                <p>{t("guideNoReceipt")}</p>
                 <div>
                   <button
                     type="button"
@@ -577,21 +602,21 @@ export function FirstUseGuide({
                     onClick={() => setReported("ok")}
                   >
                     <Check size={15} />
-                    我已核对结果
+                    {t("guideVerified")}
                   </button>
                   <button
                     type="button"
                     className="quiet"
                     onClick={() => setReported("missing")}
                   >
-                    没有找回来
+                    {t("guideMissing")}
                   </button>
                 </div>
                 {reported && (
                   <p role="status">
                     {reported === "ok"
-                      ? "你的反馈：已核对。这不是系统自动验收记录。"
-                      : "你的反馈：没有找回来。先检查来源是否导入、记忆范围与应用连接。"}
+                      ? t("guideFeedbackOk")
+                      : t("guideFeedbackMissing")}
                   </p>
                 )}
               </section>
@@ -610,18 +635,19 @@ export function FirstUseInvitation({
   onOpen(): void;
   onDismiss(): void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   return (
-    <aside className="first-use-invitation" aria-label="上手体验邀请">
-      <span>用一条自己的记忆，试着接续下一次对话。</span>
+    <aside className="first-use-invitation" aria-label={t("guideInvitation")}>
+      <span>{t("guideInvitationHint")}</span>
       <button type="button" className="quiet" onClick={onOpen}>
-        试一次
+        {t("guideTryOnce")}
         <ArrowRight size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
       </button>
       <button
         type="button"
         className="quiet"
-        title="稍后再看"
-        aria-label="关闭上手邀请"
+        title={t("guideLater")}
+        aria-label={t("guideDismiss")}
         onClick={onDismiss}
       >
         <X size={15} />

memhub/apps/web/src/GraphWidthPrompt.test.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,20 @@ import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { GraphWidthPrompt } from "./GraphWidthPrompt";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
+
+function LanguageSwitch() {
+  const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+      Cambiar idioma
+    </button>
+  );
+}
 
 const { getGraphWidth, decideGraphWidth } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   getGraphWidth: vi.fn(),
@@ -47,6 +61,44 @@ describe("GraphWidthPrompt", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("translates the mismatch and live switch without requesting or confirming twice", async () => {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    const user = userEvent.setup();
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <LanguageSwitch />
+        <GraphWidthPrompt />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    await screen.findByRole("dialog", {
+      name: "La biblioteca y el modelo integrado no coinciden",
+    });
+    const keep = screen.getByRole("radio", {
+      name: /Conservar la biblioteca actual/,
+    }) as HTMLInputElement;
+    expect(keep.checked).toBe(true);
+    await user.click(
+      screen.getByRole("radio", { name: /Usar el modelo integrado/ }),
+    );
+    expect(decideGraphWidth).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Cambiar idioma" }));
+    await screen.findByRole("dialog", { name: "现有记忆库和内置模型对不上" });
+    expect(
+      (screen.getByRole("radio", { name: /改用内置模型/ }) as HTMLInputElement)
+        .checked,
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(getGraphWidth).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(decideGraphWidth).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "就这么办" }));
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(decideGraphWidth).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(
+        "rebuild_with_new",
+        expect.any(String),
+      ),
+    );
+    window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+  });
+
   it("moves focus into the modal and keeps Tab inside it", async () => {
     const user = userEvent.setup();
     render(

memhub/apps/web/src/GraphWidthPrompt.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type {
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { decideGraphWidth, getGraphWidth } from "./api";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
 import { isDefiniteRefusal, writeTraceStatus } from "./write-outcome";
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
 }: {
   onResolved?(): void;
 }) {
+  const { t, locale } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<GraphWidthStatus | null>(null);
   const [decision, setDecision] = useState<GraphWidthDecision>("keep_existing");
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
           ? reason instanceof Error
             ? reason.message
             : String(reason)
-          : "宽度选择尚未确认，现有记忆库未被改动。请重试。",
+          : "graphWidthUnknown",
       );
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
@@ -98,15 +100,19 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
   const choices: { value: GraphWidthDecision; label: string }[] = [
     {
       value: "keep_existing",
-      label: `保留现有记忆库（默认）：继续用原来的 embedding 配置，${status.memory_count} 条记忆和关系图都不动`,
+      label: t("graphWidthKeep", {
+        count: status.memory_count.toLocaleString(locale),
+      }),
     },
     {
       value: "rebuild_with_new",
-      label: `改用内置模型：现有关系图会被归档（不删除），${status.memory_count} 条记忆的关系需要重新建一遍`,
+      label: t("graphWidthRebuild", {
+        count: status.memory_count.toLocaleString(locale),
+      }),
     },
     {
       value: "export_first",
-      label: "先导出再决定：现在什么都不动，导出之后再回来选",
+      label: t("graphWidthExport"),
     },
   ];
 
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
       className="graph-width-prompt"
       role="dialog"
       aria-modal="true"
-      aria-label="现有记忆库和内置模型对不上"
+      aria-label={t("graphWidthTitle")}
       ref={panel}
       onKeyDown={(event) => {
         if (event.key !== "Tab" || !panel.current) return;
@@ -136,9 +142,12 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
         }
       }}
     >
-      <h2>现有记忆库和内置模型对不上</h2>
+      <h2>{t("graphWidthTitle")}</h2>
       <p>
-        {`你现在的记忆库按 ${stored_width} 维建的，内置模型出的是 ${expected_width} 维。两者接不上，不选一个的话抽取会一直失败。`}
+        {t("graphWidthDescription", {
+          stored: stored_width.toLocaleString(locale),
+          expected: expected_width.toLocaleString(locale),
+        })}
       </p>
       <ul>
         {choices.map((choice) => (
@@ -159,12 +168,16 @@ export function GraphWidthPrompt({
       </ul>
       {exportedPath ? (
         <p className="notice">
-          已导出到 <code>{exportedPath}</code>。原库没有动，现在可以再选一次。
+          {t("graphWidthExported", { path: exportedPath })}
+        </p>
+      ) : null}
+      {error ? (
+        <p className="notice">
+          {error === "graphWidthUnknown" ? t("graphWidthUnknown") : error}
         </p>
       ) : null}
-      {error ? <p className="notice">{error}</p> : null}
       <button type="button" disabled={busy} onClick={() => void confirm()}>
-        就这么办
+        {t("graphWidthConfirm")}
       </button>
     </div>
   );

memhub/apps/web/src/HandoffBar.test.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { GovernedMemory } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { HandoffBar, promptFrom } from "./HandoffBar";
 
 function memory(
@@ -67,6 +68,27 @@ afterEach(() => {
   delete window.oneMemory;
 });
 
+it("traduce la vista previa sin modificar el prompt contractual chino", async () => {
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const memories = [memory("a", { content: "Contenido 中文 opaco" })];
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <HandoffBar memories={memories} matterLabel="Tema 中文" />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await userEvent.click(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Llevar las memorias seleccionadas" }),
+  );
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Llevar a otras aplicaciones" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect((screen.getByRole("textbox") as HTMLTextAreaElement).value).toBe(
+    promptFrom(memories, "Tema 中文"),
+  );
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
+
 describe("handoff preview", () => {
   it("does not open a host after the preview was closed while copying", async () => {
     let copied: () => void = () => undefined;

memhub/apps/web/src/HandoffBar.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Copy, ExternalLink, X } from "lucide-react";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useId, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { copyText } from "./copy-text";
 import type { RecallHostStatus } from "./global";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { useRecallHosts } from "./host-state";
 
 const NO_HOSTS: RecallHostStatus[] = [];
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ export function HandoffBar({
   answerText?: string;
   suspended?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const hosts = (useRecallHosts({ read: true }).data ?? NO_HOSTS).filter(
     (host) => host.present,
   );
@@ -36,14 +38,14 @@ export function HandoffBar({
   const prompt = promptFrom(usable, matterLabel, answerText);
   if (!usable.length) return null;
   return (
-    <section className="wb-handoff" aria-label="带出记忆">
+    <section className="wb-handoff" aria-label={t("handoff.region")}>
       <button
         type="button"
         className="quiet"
         onClick={() => setOpenedFor(prompt)}
       >
         <ExternalLink size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-        {answerText ? "带出回答与引用" : "带出所选记忆"}
+        {answerText ? t("handoff.answer") : t("handoff.selected")}
       </button>
       {openedFor === prompt && (
         <HandoffDialog
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ function HandoffDialog({
   onClose(): void;
   suspended?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { locale, t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
   const titleId = useId();
   const panel = useRef<HTMLElement>(null);
   const [hostId, setHostId] = useState("");
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ function HandoffDialog({
     try {
       await copyText(prompt);
     } catch {
-      setNote("复制失败，未打开任何应用。可在预览中选中文本复制。");
+      setNote(t("handoff.copyFailed"));
       setBusy(false);
       return;
     }
@@ -115,15 +118,17 @@ function HandoffDialog({
         const result = await window.oneMemory.openHandoff(host.hostId, prompt);
         setNote(
           result.opened
-            ? `已复制并请求打开 ${host.label}。尚未发送；请核对目标输入框。`
-            : `已完整复制。${host.label} 未能预填，请在目标应用粘贴；尚未发送。`,
+            ? t("handoff.opened", { host: host.label })
+            : t("handoff.notPrefilled", { host: host.label }),
         );
       } catch {
-        setNote(`内容已完整复制，但未能打开 ${host.label}。尚未发送。`);
+        setNote(t("handoff.openFailed", { host: host.label }));
       }
     } else {
       setNote(
-        `已完整复制${host ? `，可粘贴到 ${host.label}` : ""}。尚未发送。`,
+        t("handoff.copied", {
+          target: host ? t("handoff.pasteTarget", { host: host.label }) : "",
+        }),
       );
     }
     setBusy(false);
@@ -154,28 +159,30 @@ function HandoffDialog({
         }}
       >
         <header className="handoff-heading">
-          <h2 id={titleId}>带到其他应用</h2>
+          <h2 id={titleId}>{t("handoff.title")}</h2>
           <button
             type="button"
             className="quiet"
-            title="关闭预览"
-            aria-label="关闭带出预览"
+            title={t("handoff.closeTitle")}
+            aria-label={t("handoff.close")}
             onClick={onClose}
           >
             <X size={18} />
           </button>
         </header>
         <p>
-          {count} 条记忆 · {prompt.length.toLocaleString()} 字符 · 未省略
+          {tn("handoff.stats", count, {
+            characters: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(prompt.length),
+          })}
         </p>
         <textarea
-          aria-label="将带出的完整内容"
+          aria-label={t("handoff.content")}
           readOnly
           value={prompt}
           spellCheck={false}
         />
         <label className="handoff-target">
-          目标应用
+          {t("handoff.target")}
           <select
             value={hostId}
             onChange={(event) => {
@@ -183,18 +190,16 @@ function HandoffDialog({
               setNote("");
             }}
           >
-            <option value="">其他应用 · 仅复制</option>
+            <option value="">{t("handoff.other")}</option>
             {hosts.map((item) => (
               <option key={item.hostId} value={item.hostId}>
                 {item.label}
-                {item.handoff !== "open" ? " · 仅复制" : ""}
+                {item.handoff !== "open" ? t("handoff.copyOnly") : ""}
               </option>
             ))}
           </select>
         </label>
-        <p>
-          仅带出上方内容，不包含原始对话。复制不是授权连接，已带出的副本无法从其他应用撤回。
-        </p>
+        <p>{t("handoff.boundary")}</p>
         <div className="consent-actions">
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ function HandoffDialog({
             onClick={() => void send(false)}
           >
             <Copy size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-            复制内容
+            {t("handoff.copy")}
           </button>
           {host?.handoff === "open" && (
             <button
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ function HandoffDialog({
               onClick={() => void send(true)}
             >
               <ExternalLink size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-              复制并打开 {host.label}
+              {t("handoff.open", { host: host.label })}
             </button>
           )}
         </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/HealthPanel.test.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ import {
 import { StrictMode } from "react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
 import { HealthPanel } from "./HealthPanel";
 import type { ImportSourcesController } from "./use-import-sources";
 
@@ -25,6 +30,37 @@ vi.mock("./api", () => ({
   setDetailedLogging: (enabled: boolean) => setDetailedLogging(enabled),
 }));
 
+function HealthLanguageSwitch() {
+  const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+      Cambiar idioma
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+
+it("shows supported diagnostics in Spanish without toggling logging", async () => {
+  window.oneMemory = undefined;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <HealthLanguageSwitch />
+      <HealthPanel imports={imports()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Diagnóstico" });
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Volver a leer el estado" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Servicio local" })).toBeTruthy();
+  const reads = getMemoryProcessing.mock.calls.length;
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("Cambiar idioma"));
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "运行诊断" });
+  expect(getMemoryProcessing).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(reads);
+  expect(setDetailedLogging).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 function source(
   sourceId: string,
   overrides: Partial<SourceResponse> = {},
@@ -151,7 +187,9 @@ describe("HealthPanel", () => {
     render(<HealthPanel imports={imports()} />);
 
     const details = await screen.findByLabelText("导入与整理详情");
-    expect(details.textContent).toContain("100000 条原文 · 50000 个完整 turn");
+    expect(details.textContent).toContain(
+      "100,000 条原文 · 50,000 个完整 turn",
+    );
     expect(details.textContent).toContain(
       "120 次调用 · 100 完成 · 1 结果不确定 · 2 失败 · 3 取消",
     );
@@ -641,6 +679,32 @@ describe("HealthPanel", () => {
       expect(block.textContent).toContain("暂无需要处理的问题");
     });
 
+    it("read receipt timestamps follow the Spanish interface language", async () => {
+      localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+      try {
+        render(
+          <LanguageProvider>
+            <HealthPanel imports={imports()} />
+          </LanguageProvider>,
+        );
+        await settle();
+        getMemoryProcessing.mockRejectedValue(new Error("offline"));
+        await act(async () => {
+          await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5_000);
+        });
+        const stamps = Array.from(
+          document.querySelectorAll(".health-stamp time"),
+        );
+        expect(stamps.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+        for (const stamp of stamps) {
+          expect(stamp.textContent).toMatch(/^Hoy /);
+          expect(stamp.textContent).not.toContain("今天");
+        }
+      } finally {
+        localStorage.clear();
+      }
+    });
+
     it("sourceSnapshot 过期不继续报服务运行中或来源空", async () => {
       render(
         <HealthPanel

memhub/apps/web/src/HealthPanel.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { Download, Flag, RefreshCw } from "lucide-react";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
-
 import {
   getDetailedLogging,
   getMemoryProcessing,
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ import {
 import { clockStamp } from "./clock-stamp";
 import { exportDiagnosticsFile } from "./diagnostics-export";
 import type { RecallHostStatus } from "./global";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { refreshRecallHosts } from "./host-state";
+import { memoryText } from "./memory-language";
 import {
   blockReasonLabel,
-  retryingBlockLabel,
   splitBlockedStages,
   taskKindLabel,
 } from "./memory-processing-labels";
 import { subscribePoll } from "./poll-scheduler";
 import { R6Button, R6Switch } from "./R6Controls";
-import { LINK_WORDING } from "./recall-host-wording";
 import type { useImportSources } from "./use-import-sources";
 
 type ImportState = ReturnType<typeof useImportSources>;
@@ -98,10 +98,11 @@ async function readHosts() {
 }
 
 function ReadTime({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string }) {
+  const { locale } = useGuiLanguage();
   return (
     <p className="health-stamp">
       {label}
-      <time dateTime={value}>{clockStamp(value)}</time>
+      <time dateTime={value}>{clockStamp(value, locale)}</time>
     </p>
   );
 }
@@ -111,23 +112,26 @@ function ReadReceipt({
   confirmedAt,
   failedAt,
 }: Pick<Reading<unknown>, "pending" | "confirmedAt" | "failedAt">) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   return (
     <>
       {failedAt ? (
         <p role="status">
-          暂时无法读取
-          {confirmedAt ? " · 数据已过期，以下为上次读取结果。" : "。"}
+          {t("healthReadFailed")}
+          {confirmedAt ? t("healthStale") : "。"}
         </p>
       ) : null}
       {pending ? (
         <p role="status">
-          {confirmedAt ? "正在重新读取，以下为上次读取结果…" : "正在读取状态…"}
+          {confirmedAt ? t("healthRereading") : t("healthReading")}
         </p>
       ) : null}
       {confirmedAt ? (
-        <ReadTime label="上次成功读取" value={confirmedAt} />
+        <ReadTime label={t("healthReadSuccessTime")} value={confirmedAt} />
+      ) : null}
+      {failedAt ? (
+        <ReadTime label={t("healthReadFailedTime")} value={failedAt} />
       ) : null}
-      {failedAt ? <ReadTime label="读取失败时间" value={failedAt} /> : null}
     </>
   );
 }
@@ -143,6 +147,8 @@ function ReadReceipt({
  * the table the originating screen already uses.
  */
 export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
+  const { t, tn, tnPlain, locale } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const n = (value: number) => value.toLocaleString(locale);
   const [detailedLogging, setDetailedLoggingState] = useState(false);
   const [detailedLoggingPending, setDetailedLoggingPending] = useState(false);
   const backgroundRead = useDiagnosticRead(readBackgroundHealth);
@@ -199,13 +205,13 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
 
   async function markIncident() {
     if (!window.oneMemory?.markDiagnosticIncident) {
-      setDiagnosticMessage("请在桌面 App 中记录问题时间点。");
+      setDiagnosticMessage(t("healthIncidentDesktop"));
       return;
     }
     setDiagnosticAction("incident");
     setDiagnosticMessage("");
     try {
-      const description = window.prompt("简单描述刚才遇到的问题（可不填）", "");
+      const description = window.prompt(t("healthIncidentPrompt"), "");
       if (description === null) {
         setDiagnosticAction(null);
         return;
@@ -213,9 +219,11 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
       const receipt =
         await window.oneMemory.markDiagnosticIncident(description);
       await window.oneMemory.copyText?.(receipt.incident_id);
-      setDiagnosticMessage(`问题编号已复制：${receipt.incident_id}`);
+      setDiagnosticMessage(
+        t("healthIncidentCopied", { id: receipt.incident_id }),
+      );
     } catch {
-      setDiagnosticMessage("问题时间点未能记录，请重试。");
+      setDiagnosticMessage(t("healthIncidentError"));
     } finally {
       setDiagnosticAction(null);
     }
@@ -223,13 +231,13 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
 
   async function exportDiagnostics() {
     if (!window.oneMemory?.exportDiagnostics) {
-      setDiagnosticMessage("请在桌面 App 中导出诊断信息。");
+      setDiagnosticMessage(t("diagnosticExportDesktop"));
       return;
     }
     setDiagnosticAction("export");
     setDiagnosticMessage("");
     try {
-      const result = await exportDiagnosticsFile();
+      const result = await exportDiagnosticsFile(locale);
       setDiagnosticMessage(result.message);
     } finally {
       setDiagnosticAction(null);
@@ -244,20 +252,23 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
   const sourceReceipt = (
     <>
       {imports.loading ? (
-        <p role="status">正在读取本地服务与来源状态…</p>
+        <p role="status">{t("healthReadingSources")}</p>
       ) : sourceUnavailable ? (
         <p role="status">
-          暂时无法读取
+          {t("healthReadFailed")}
           {sourceConfirmedAt || imports.health || imports.sources.length
-            ? " · 数据已过期，以下为上次读取结果。"
+            ? t("healthStale")
             : "。"}
         </p>
       ) : null}
       {sourceConfirmedAt ? (
-        <ReadTime label="上次成功读取" value={sourceConfirmedAt} />
+        <ReadTime
+          label={t("healthReadSuccessTime")}
+          value={sourceConfirmedAt}
+        />
       ) : null}
       {sourceUnavailable && sourceFailedAt ? (
-        <ReadTime label="读取失败时间" value={sourceFailedAt} />
+        <ReadTime label={t("healthReadFailedTime")} value={sourceFailedAt} />
       ) : null}
     </>
   );
@@ -274,7 +285,7 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
     <section className="view health-view" aria-labelledby="health-title">
       <header className="view-header">
         <div>
-          <h1 id="health-title">运行诊断</h1>
+          <h1 id="health-title">{t("healthTitle")}</h1>
         </div>
       </header>
 
@@ -285,26 +296,34 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
           onClick={() => void exportDiagnostics()}
         >
           <Download size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          导出日志（发给开发排查）
+          {t("nativeExportLogs")}
         </R6Button>
       </div>
 
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="本地服务">
-        <h2>本地服务</h2>
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthLocal")}>
+        <h2>{t("healthLocal")}</h2>
         {sourceReceipt}
         {imports.health ? (
           <p>
-            {`${sourceUnavailable || imports.loading ? "上次读取" : "运行中"} · 版本 ${imports.health.version} · 实例 ${imports.health.instance_id}`}
+            {t("healthCoreVersion", {
+              state: t(
+                sourceUnavailable || imports.loading
+                  ? "healthPrevious"
+                  : "healthRunning",
+              ),
+              version: imports.health.version,
+              instance: imports.health.instance_id,
+            })}
           </p>
         ) : !sourceUnavailable && !imports.loading ? (
-          <p>还没连上本地 Core。</p>
+          <p>{t("healthCoreDisconnected")}</p>
         ) : null}
       </section>
 
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="后台服务">
-        <h2>后台服务</h2>
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthBackground")}>
+        <h2>{t("healthBackground")}</h2>
         {backgroundRead.value === "no-bridge" ? (
-          <p>当前环境无法检查后台服务，请在支持此功能的桌面 App 中查看。</p>
+          <p>{t("healthBackgroundUnavailable")}</p>
         ) : (
           <>
             <ReadReceipt {...backgroundRead} />
@@ -312,13 +331,18 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
               <>
                 <p>
                   {backgroundRead.pending || backgroundRead.failedAt
-                    ? "上次读取："
+                    ? t("healthPreviousPrefix")
                     : ""}
-                  {backgroundVerdict(backgroundRead.value.state)}
+                  {backgroundVerdict(backgroundRead.value.state, locale)}
                 </p>
                 <p>
-                  Core：{runtimeStateLabel(backgroundRead.value.core)} ·
-                  宿主桥接：{runtimeStateLabel(backgroundRead.value.broker)}
+                  {t("healthRuntime", {
+                    core: runtimeStateLabel(backgroundRead.value.core, locale),
+                    broker: runtimeStateLabel(
+                      backgroundRead.value.broker,
+                      locale,
+                    ),
+                  })}
                 </p>
               </>
             ) : null}
@@ -326,8 +350,8 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
         )}
       </section>
 
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="各来源累计条数">
-        <h2>各来源累计条数</h2>
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthSources")}>
+        <h2>{t("healthSources")}</h2>
         {sourceReceipt}
         {imports.sources.length ? (
           <dl>
@@ -335,41 +359,70 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
               <div key={source.source_id}>
                 <dt>{source.display_name}</dt>
                 <dd>
-                  {`${source.imported_conversations} 个会话 · ${source.imported_messages} 条消息`}
+                  {t("healthSourceCount", {
+                    conversations: n(source.imported_conversations),
+                    messages: n(source.imported_messages),
+                  })}
                 </dd>
               </div>
             ))}
           </dl>
         ) : !sourceUnavailable && !imports.loading ? (
-          <p>还没有已连接的来源。</p>
+          <p>{t("healthNoSources")}</p>
         ) : null}
       </section>
 
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="记忆提炼">
-        <h2>记忆提炼</h2>
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthProcessing")}>
+        <h2>{t("healthProcessing")}</h2>
         <ReadReceipt {...processingRead} />
         {processing ? (
           <>
             <p>
-              {`${processing.running} 处理中 · ${processing.pending} 排队 · ${processing.completed} 已完成 · ${processing.failed} 失败`}
+              {t("healthTaskCounts", {
+                running: n(processing.running),
+                pending: n(processing.pending),
+                completed: n(processing.completed),
+                failed: n(processing.failed),
+              })}
             </p>
             {processing.metrics ? (
-              <dl aria-label="导入与整理详情">
+              <dl aria-label={t("healthImportDetails")}>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>原文与完整对话轮次</dt>
-                  <dd>{`${processing.metrics.raw_evidence} 条原文 · ${processing.metrics.complete_turns} 个完整 turn`}</dd>
+                  <dt>{t("healthRawTurns")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {t("healthRawCounts", {
+                      raw: n(processing.metrics.raw_evidence),
+                      turns: n(processing.metrics.complete_turns),
+                    })}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>HY 整理</dt>
-                  <dd>{`${processing.metrics.hy_calls} 次调用 · ${processing.metrics.completed} 完成 · ${processing.metrics.unknown} 结果不确定 · ${processing.metrics.failed} 失败 · ${processing.metrics.cancelled} 取消`}</dd>
+                  <dt>{t("healthHy")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {t("healthHyCounts", {
+                      calls: n(processing.metrics.hy_calls),
+                      completed: n(processing.metrics.completed),
+                      unknown: n(processing.metrics.unknown),
+                      failed: n(processing.metrics.failed),
+                      cancelled: n(processing.metrics.cancelled),
+                    })}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>产出</dt>
-                  <dd>{`${processing.metrics.governed_memories} 条记忆`}</dd>
+                  <dt>{t("healthOutput")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {tn("healthMemories", processing.metrics.governed_memories)}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>WorkBuddy 查记忆</dt>
-                  <dd>{`${processing.metrics.workbuddy.injected} 次注入 · ${processing.metrics.workbuddy.timed_out} 次超时 · ${processing.metrics.workbuddy.unavailable} 次不可用`}</dd>
+                  <dt>{t("healthWorkbuddy")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {t("healthWorkbuddyCounts", {
+                      injected: n(processing.metrics.workbuddy.injected),
+                      timedOut: n(processing.metrics.workbuddy.timed_out),
+                      unavailable: n(processing.metrics.workbuddy.unavailable),
+                    })}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
               </dl>
             ) : null}
@@ -378,26 +431,35 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
                 {splitBlockedStages(processing.blocked_stages).named.map(
                   (block) => (
                     <li key={`${block.kind}:${block.reason}`}>
-                      {`${taskKindLabel(block.kind)}卡在 ${blockReasonLabel(block.reason)}（${block.count} 条）`}
+                      {t("healthBlocked", {
+                        kind: memoryText(locale, taskKindLabel(block.kind)),
+                        reason: memoryText(
+                          locale,
+                          blockReasonLabel(block.reason),
+                        ),
+                        count: n(block.count),
+                      })}
                     </li>
                   ),
                 )}
-                {retrying ? <li>{retryingBlockLabel(retrying)}</li> : null}
+                {retrying ? (
+                  <li>{tnPlain("healthRetrying", retrying)}</li>
+                ) : null}
               </ul>
             ) : !processingRead.failedAt && !processingRead.pending ? (
-              <p>暂无需要处理的问题。</p>
+              <p>{t("healthNoIssues")}</p>
             ) : null}
           </>
         ) : null}
       </section>
 
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="AI 接通情况">
-        <h2>AI 接通情况</h2>
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthHosts")}>
+        <h2>{t("healthHosts")}</h2>
         {/* Host state lives in the desktop shell. In a browser it is not
             false, it is unavailable, and reporting it as 未接通 would send
             the user to repair links that may well be fine. */}
         {hosts === "no-bridge" || !window.oneMemory ? (
-          <p>在浏览器里读不到；请在桌面 App 里查看。</p>
+          <p>{t("healthHostsUnavailable")}</p>
         ) : (
           <>
             <ReadReceipt {...hostsRead} />
@@ -408,34 +470,34 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
                     <dt>{host.label}</dt>
                     <dd>
                       {hostsRead.failedAt || hostsRead.pending
-                        ? "上次读取："
+                        ? t("healthPreviousPrefix")
                         : ""}
-                      {hostVerdict(host)}
+                      {hostVerdict(host, locale)}
                     </dd>
                   </div>
                 ))}
               </dl>
             ) : hosts && !hostsRead.failedAt && !hostsRead.pending ? (
-              <p>本机没有检测到可接入的 AI 工具。</p>
+              <p>{t("healthNoHosts")}</p>
             ) : null}
           </>
         )}
       </section>
-      <section className="health-block" aria-label="详细日志">
+      <section className="health-block" aria-label={t("healthDetailed")}>
         <div className="health-setting-row">
           <div>
-            <h2>详细日志（排查用）</h2>
-            <p>默认关闭。仅在开发人员请你协助排查时开启。</p>
+            <h2>{t("healthDetailedTitle")}</h2>
+            <p>{t("healthDetailedHint")}</p>
           </div>
           <R6Switch
-            label="详细日志（排查用）"
+            label={t("healthDetailedTitle")}
             checked={detailedLogging}
             pending={detailedLoggingPending}
             onCheckedChange={(enabled) => {
               setDetailedLoggingPending(true);
               void setDetailedLogging(enabled)
                 .then(setDetailedLoggingState)
-                .catch(() => setDiagnosticMessage("详细日志设置失败，请重试。"))
+                .catch(() => setDiagnosticMessage(t("healthDetailedError")))
                 .finally(() => setDetailedLoggingPending(false));
             }}
           />
@@ -448,7 +510,7 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
           onClick={() => void refresh()}
         >
           <RefreshCw size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          重新读取状态
+          {t("healthRefresh")}
         </R6Button>
         <R6Button
           variant="quiet"
@@ -456,7 +518,7 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
           onClick={() => void markIncident()}
         >
           <Flag size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-          记录问题时间点
+          {t("healthIncident")}
         </R6Button>
       </div>
       {diagnosticMessage ? (
@@ -470,31 +532,52 @@ export function HealthPanel({ imports }: { imports: ImportState }) {
 
 /** A host with no self-check on record has not been shown to work, and the
  * install flow's own wording for that is 未接通. */
-function hostVerdict(host: RecallHostStatus): string {
-  if (!host.installed) return LINK_WORDING.unreachable;
-  const state = host.selfCheck?.state;
-  return (state ? LINK_WORDING[state] : undefined) ?? LINK_WORDING.unreachable;
+function hostVerdict(host: RecallHostStatus, locale: GuiLocale): string {
+  return translate(
+    locale,
+    !host.installed
+      ? "healthUnreachable"
+      : host.selfCheck?.state === "wired"
+        ? "healthWired"
+        : host.selfCheck?.state === "reachable_but_blind"
+          ? "healthBlind"
+          : "healthUnreachable",
+  );
 }
 
-function backgroundVerdict(state: BackgroundSnapshot["state"]): string {
-  return {
-    healthy: "后台服务可用",
-    stopped: "后台服务已停止",
-    degraded: "后台服务部分不可用",
-    untrusted: "后台服务身份未通过核验",
-    unknown: "后台状态尚未确认",
-  }[state];
+function backgroundVerdict(
+  state: BackgroundSnapshot["state"],
+  locale: GuiLocale,
+): string {
+  return translate(
+    locale,
+    (
+      {
+        healthy: "healthBackgroundHealthy",
+        stopped: "healthBackgroundStopped",
+        degraded: "healthBackgroundDegraded",
+        untrusted: "healthBackgroundUntrusted",
+        unknown: "healthBackgroundUnknown",
+      } as const
+    )[state],
+  );
 }
 
 function runtimeStateLabel(
   state: BackgroundSnapshot["core"] | BackgroundSnapshot["broker"],
+  locale: GuiLocale,
 ): string {
-  return {
-    running: "运行中",
-    stopped: "已停止",
-    unhealthy: "无法连接",
-    untrusted: "身份未通过核验",
-    unknown: "尚未确认",
-    not_checked: "未检查",
-  }[state];
+  return translate(
+    locale,
+    (
+      {
+        running: "healthRunning",
+        stopped: "healthStopped",
+        unhealthy: "healthUnhealthy",
+        untrusted: "healthUntrusted",
+        unknown: "healthUnknown",
+        not_checked: "healthNotChecked",
+      } as const
+    )[state],
+  );
 }

memhub/apps/web/src/HomeCardBoundary.tsx

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 import { Component, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import { useApplicationsLanguage } from "./applications-language";
 
-type Props = { label: string; children: ReactNode };
+type Props = { label: string; children: ReactNode; fallback?: ReactNode };
 type State = { crashed: boolean };
 
 const RESET_MS = 15_000;
+function CardFallback({ label }: { label: string }) {
+  const { a } = useApplicationsLanguage();
+  return <p>{a("cardUnavailable", { label })}</p>;
+}
 
 /**
  * 2026-10-12: 首页任何一张卡片渲染出错时，只塌这一张卡，不塌整页。
@@ -36,9 +41,7 @@ export class HomeCardBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
     if (this.state.crashed) {
       return (
         <section className="r6-home-auto-failure" role="status">
-          <p>
-            {this.props.label}暂时显示不了，其他功能不受影响，稍后会自动恢复。
-          </p>
+          {this.props.fallback ?? <CardFallback label={this.props.label} />}
         </section>
       );
     }

memhub/apps/web/src/ImportProgressStrip.test.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
 import { ImportProgressStrip } from "./ImportProgressStrip";
 
 function job(overrides: Partial<ImportJob> = {}): ImportJob {
@@ -84,6 +89,57 @@ function deferred() {
 describe("ImportProgressStrip", () => {
   afterEach(cleanup);
 
+  it("translates user-facing progress and live settings CTA without invoking actions", async () => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    const open = vi.fn();
+    function Switch() {
+      const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+      return (
+        <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+          Cambiar idioma
+        </button>
+      );
+    }
+    const view = render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <Switch />
+        <ImportProgressStrip
+          userFacing
+          jobs={[job()]}
+          sources={[
+            source("cursor", "Cursor", { imported_conversations: 12345 }),
+          ]}
+          backfilling={false}
+          onOpenSources={open}
+        />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    expect((await screen.findByRole("status")).textContent).toContain(
+      "12.345 conversaciones",
+    );
+    view.rerender(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <Switch />
+        <ImportProgressStrip
+          userFacing
+          jobs={[job({ status: "failed" })]}
+          sources={sources}
+          backfilling={false}
+          onOpenSources={open}
+          onConfigureModel={open}
+        />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Ir a configuración" });
+    expect(open).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await userEvent.click(
+      screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Cambiar idioma" }),
+    );
+    await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "去设置" });
+    expect(open).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    localStorage.clear();
+  });
+
   it("keeps daily sync silent in the user-facing shell", () => {
     const { container } = render(
       <ImportProgressStrip

memhub/apps/web/src/ImportProgressStrip.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type {
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { LoaderCircle, Pause, Play, RefreshCw, Settings2 } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import {
   type MemoryArrival,
   memoryArrivalTitle,
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ export function ImportProgressStrip({
   showProgressDetails = true,
   userFacing = false,
 }: ImportProgressStripProps) {
+  const { t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false);
   const [refreshError, setRefreshError] = useState<{
     epoch: number;
@@ -252,10 +254,10 @@ export function ImportProgressStrip({
       0,
     );
     const message = firstImport
-      ? `正在导入你的历史对话，已导入 ${imported.toLocaleString("zh-CN")} 个会话。记忆会陆续生成，你可以先正常使用。`
+      ? tn("importUserProgress", imported)
       : currentArrival?.phase === "model-required"
-        ? "模型还没有配置好，新的对话暂时不会整理成记忆。"
-        : "有些内容没有处理完成，请前往设置查看。";
+        ? t("importUserModel")
+        : t("importUserIncomplete");
     return (
       <div
         className="import-strip"
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ export function ImportProgressStrip({
               onClick={onConfigureModel}
             >
               <Settings2 size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
-              去设置
+              {t("importUserSettings")}
             </button>
           )}
         </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/LanguageSelector.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+
+import { translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+import { LanguageSelector } from "./LanguageSelector";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+it.each(["zh-CN", "en", "es"] as const)(
+  "hides the compact label while preserving its accessible name in %s",
+  (locale) => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <LanguageSelector compact />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    const name = translate(locale, "languageTitle");
+    const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox", { name });
+    const label = screen.getByText(name) as HTMLLabelElement;
+    expect(label.hidden).toBe(true);
+    expect(label.htmlFor).toBe(selector.id);
+    expect(screen.getByRole("region", { name })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("option", { name: "Español" })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("option", { name: "English" })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("option", { name: "简体中文" })).toBeTruthy();
+  },
+);
+
+it.each(["zh-CN", "en", "es"] as const)(
+  "keeps the normal settings label visible and accessible in %s",
+  (locale) => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <LanguageSelector />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    const name = translate(locale, "languageLabel");
+    const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox", { name });
+    const label = screen.getByText(name) as HTMLLabelElement;
+    expect(label.hidden).toBe(false);
+    expect(label.htmlFor).toBe(selector.id);
+    expect(selector.getAttribute("aria-label")).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      screen.getByRole("heading", { name: translate(locale, "languageTitle") }),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(
+      screen.getByText(translate(locale, "languageDescription")),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
+  },
+);
+
+it("offers an accessible selector, persists and updates its label", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <LanguageSelector />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox", {
+    name: translate("zh-CN", "languageLabel"),
+  });
+  expect(screen.getAllByRole("option")).toHaveLength(4);
+  expect(selector.getAttribute("aria-describedby")).toBeTruthy();
+  await userEvent.selectOptions(selector, "es");
+  expect(localStorage.getItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY)).toBe("es");
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: translate("es", "languageLabel") }),
+  ).toBe(selector);
+  expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe("es");
+});
+
+it("announces storage errors without replacing the confirmed choice", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <LanguageSelector />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "setItem").mockImplementation(() => {
+    throw new Error("denied");
+  });
+  await userEvent.selectOptions(screen.getByRole("combobox"), "es");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe(
+    translate("zh-CN", "languageSaveError"),
+  );
+  expect((screen.getByRole("combobox") as HTMLSelectElement).value).toBe(
+    "zh-CN",
+  );
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/LanguageSelector.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { isLanguagePreference } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import { useId, useState } from "react";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
+
+export function LanguageSelector({ compact = false }: { compact?: boolean }) {
+  const id = useId();
+  const { preference, setPreference, t, error } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState(false);
+  return (
+    <section
+      aria-labelledby={compact ? `${id}-label` : `${id}-title`}
+      className={
+        compact ? "r6-language-selector--compact" : "r6-language-setting"
+      }
+    >
+      {!compact && <h2 id={`${id}-title`}>{t("languageTitle")}</h2>}
+      <div className={compact ? "r6-language-selector-row" : "r6-setting-row"}>
+        <label id={`${id}-label`} htmlFor={`${id}-select`} hidden={compact}>
+          {t(compact ? "languageTitle" : "languageLabel")}
+        </label>
+        <select
+          id={`${id}-select`}
+          aria-label={compact ? t("languageTitle") : undefined}
+          aria-describedby={compact ? undefined : `${id}-description`}
+          value={preference}
+          disabled={pending}
+          onChange={async (event) => {
+            const value = event.currentTarget.value;
+            if (!isLanguagePreference(value)) return;
+            setPending(true);
+            try {
+              await setPreference(value);
+            } finally {
+              setPending(false);
+            }
+          }}
+        >
+          <option value="system">{t("languageSystem")}</option>
+          <option value="zh-CN" lang={compact ? "zh-CN" : undefined}>
+            {compact ? "简体中文" : t("languageChinese")}
+          </option>
+          <option value="en" lang={compact ? "en" : undefined}>
+            {compact ? "English" : t("languageEnglish")}
+          </option>
+          <option value="es" lang={compact ? "es" : undefined}>
+            {compact ? "Español" : t("languageSpanish")}
+          </option>
+        </select>
+      </div>
+      {!compact && <p id={`${id}-description`}>{t("languageDescription")}</p>}
+      {error && (
+        <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
+          {t(error)}
+        </p>
+      )}
+    </section>
+  );
+}

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryEvidencePanel.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   useRef,
   useState,
 } from "react";
+import { useMemoryLanguage } from "./memory-language";
 import { useMediaPreference } from "./use-media-preference";
 
 type Phase = "closed" | "opening" | "open" | "closing";
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ export function MemoryEvidencePanel({
   children: ReactNode;
   suspended?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { text } = useMemoryLanguage();
   const compact = useMediaPreference("(max-width: 1100px)");
   const reduceMotion = useMediaPreference("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)");
   const reduceTransparency = useMediaPreference(
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ export function MemoryEvidencePanel({
       className="map-inspector"
       {...(modal ? { role: "dialog", "aria-modal": !suspended } : {})}
       inert={suspended}
-      aria-label="记忆与原文"
+      aria-label={text("记忆与原文")}
       data-tour-id="memory-original-pane"
       tabIndex={-1}
       hidden={!present || (compact && suspended)}

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryGraph3D.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   subscribeDisplayPreference,
 } from "./display-preferences";
 import { graphEase } from "./graph-motion";
+import { useMemoryLanguage } from "./memory-language";
 
 /** 力导向迭代总步数。原实现在挂载时一次算完，现改为分帧推进。 */
 const LAYOUT_ITERATIONS = 90;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ export function MemoryGraph3D({
   selectedNodeId: string | null;
   onSelectNode(node: MemoryGraphNode): void;
 }) {
+  const { text } = useMemoryLanguage();
   const host = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const labelHost = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const selectRef = useRef(onSelectNode);
@@ -626,7 +628,7 @@ export function MemoryGraph3D({
       <div className="graph-labels" ref={labelHost} aria-hidden="true" />
       {!available ? (
         <div className="memory-graph-fallback">
-          <p>这台设备打不开 3D 视图，已显示关联列表。</p>
+          <p>{text("这台设备打不开 3D 视图，已显示关联列表。")}</p>
           {graph.nodes.map((node) => (
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -644,13 +646,13 @@ export function MemoryGraph3D({
         <div
           className="memory-graph-controls"
           role="toolbar"
-          aria-label="图谱工具"
+          aria-label={text("图谱工具")}
         >
           <button
             type="button"
             className="secondary"
-            title="放大"
-            aria-label="放大图谱"
+            title={text("放大")}
+            aria-label={text("放大图谱")}
             onClick={() => actionsRef.current?.zoom(0.8)}
           >
             <Plus size={16} />
@@ -658,8 +660,8 @@ export function MemoryGraph3D({
           <button
             type="button"
             className="secondary"
-            title="缩小"
-            aria-label="缩小图谱"
+            title={text("缩小")}
+            aria-label={text("缩小图谱")}
             onClick={() => actionsRef.current?.zoom(1.25)}
           >
             <Minus size={16} />
@@ -667,8 +669,8 @@ export function MemoryGraph3D({
           <button
             type="button"
             className="secondary"
-            title="重置视角"
-            aria-label="重置图谱视角"
+            title={text("重置视角")}
+            aria-label={text("重置图谱视角")}
             onClick={() => actionsRef.current?.reset()}
           >
             <Focus size={16} />

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryMap.test.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,23 @@ import {
   within,
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+
+it("traduce los controles del mapa en español sin cambiar etiquetas importadas", () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const { container } = render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <Host simplified />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("Filtrar memorias del mapa")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(container.textContent).not.toContain("全部记忆");
+  expect(container.textContent).not.toContain("当前已加载");
+  expect(container.textContent).not.toContain("来源视角");
+  expect(container.textContent).not.toContain("段原文");
+  localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
+
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryMap.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type {
   MemoryLibraryPage,
   RecentConversationItem,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import type { GuiLocale } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   ArrowUp,
   ChevronLeft,
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ import {
   type MemoryArrival,
   resolveMemoryArrival,
 } from "./memory-arrival-state";
+import { memoryText, useMemoryLanguage } from "./memory-language";
 import {
   type MapAxis,
   mapGroups,
@@ -96,8 +98,12 @@ function authorLabel(writtenBy: string) {
   return "未知";
 }
 
-function dayStamp(value: string | null | undefined) {
-  if (!value || !Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value))) return "时间未知";
+function dayStamp(
+  value: string | null | undefined,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
+) {
+  if (!value || !Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value)))
+    return memoryText(locale, "时间未知");
   const date = new Date(value);
   const now = new Date();
   if (
@@ -105,8 +111,8 @@ function dayStamp(value: string | null | undefined) {
     date.getMonth() === now.getMonth() &&
     date.getDate() === now.getDate()
   )
-    return "今天";
-  return date.toLocaleDateString("zh-CN");
+    return memoryText(locale, "今天");
+  return date.toLocaleDateString(locale);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -116,28 +122,37 @@ function dayStamp(value: string | null | undefined) {
  */
 export const DIALOGUE_PANE_VISIBLE = false;
 
-/** "10月2日", with the year only when it is not this year. */
-function monthDay(value: string): string | null {
+/** "10月2日" / "2 oct", with the year only when it is not this year. */
+function monthDay(value: string, locale: GuiLocale): string | null {
   if (!Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value))) return null;
   const date = new Date(value);
-  const day = `${date.getMonth() + 1}月${date.getDate()}日`;
-  return date.getFullYear() === new Date().getFullYear()
-    ? day
-    : `${date.getFullYear()}年${day}`;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
+    day: "numeric",
+    month: "short",
+    ...(date.getFullYear() !== new Date().getFullYear()
+      ? { year: "numeric" }
+      : {}),
+  }).format(date);
 }
 
 /** D96: when the cited conversation happened, not when the memory was generated. */
 function sourceStamp(
   time: { at: string; basis: "conversation" | "import" } | undefined,
   fallback: string | null | undefined,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
 ): string {
-  const day = time ? monthDay(time.at) : null;
+  const day = time ? monthDay(time.at, locale) : null;
   if (time && day)
-    return time.basis === "conversation" ? `对话于 ${day}` : `导入于 ${day}`;
-  return dayStamp(fallback);
+    return memoryText(
+      locale,
+      time.basis === "conversation" ? "对话于 {day}" : "导入于 {day}",
+      { day },
+    );
+  return dayStamp(fallback, locale);
 }
 
 export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
+  const { locale, text, count, plain } = useMemoryLanguage();
   const {
     memories,
     graph: baseGraph,
@@ -322,14 +337,16 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
     if (library) {
       const ids = library.page?.source_ids_by_memory?.[memoryId];
       return ids?.length
-        ? ids.map((id) => sourceNameOr(sources, id, "来源待核对")).join("、")
-        : "来源待核对";
+        ? ids
+            .map((id) => sourceNameOr(sources, id, text("来源待核对")))
+            .join("、")
+        : text("来源待核对");
     }
     return (
       sourceGroups
         .filter((entry) => entry.memoryIds.includes(memoryId))
         .map((entry) => entry.label)
-        .join("、") || "来源待核对"
+        .join(text("列表分隔符")) || text("来源待核对")
     );
   }
   const filtered = useMemo(
@@ -594,7 +611,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
       (source) =>
         source.authorized && groupKey === `source:${source.source_id}`,
     )?.display_name ??
-    "全部记忆";
+    text("全部记忆");
   if (
     props.simplified &&
     (!library ||
@@ -614,28 +631,31 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         <div>
           <h2>
             {running
-              ? "已开始处理所选对话"
+              ? text("已开始处理所选对话")
               : queued
-                ? "处理请求已受理"
-                : "还没有已生成的记忆"}
+                ? text("处理请求已受理")
+                : text("还没有已生成的记忆")}
           </h2>
           <p>
             {running || queued
-              ? "模型连接已通过。首批记忆生成后，会逐步出现在记忆列表里。"
+              ? text("模型连接已通过。首批记忆生成后，会逐步出现在记忆列表里。")
               : arrival.importedConversations > 0
-                ? `已导入 ${arrival.importedConversations.toLocaleString()} 段对话，整理成记忆后会出现在这里。`
+                ? text("已导入 {count} 段对话，整理成记忆后会出现在这里。", {
+                    count: count(arrival.importedConversations),
+                  })
                 : arrival.importedMessages > 0
-                  ? "历史已保存在本机，记忆就绪后会出现在这里。"
-                  : "连接应用并导入历史后，可以开始沉淀记忆。"}
+                  ? text("历史已保存在本机，记忆就绪后会出现在这里。")
+                  : text("连接应用并导入历史后，可以开始沉淀记忆。")}
             {(running || queued) && (
               <small>
-                当前已生成 0
-                条记忆。请求已受理不等于已经完成，原始对话、模型处理任务和记忆数量分别统计。
+                {text(
+                  "当前已生成 0 条记忆。请求已受理不等于已经完成，原始对话、模型处理任务和记忆数量分别统计。",
+                )}
               </small>
             )}
           </p>
           <div>
-            <R6Button onClick={props.onConnect}>返回应用</R6Button>
+            <R6Button onClick={props.onConnect}>{text("返回应用")}</R6Button>
           </div>
         </div>
         {running && (
@@ -648,7 +668,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
     <section
       id={id}
       className="core-memory-map"
-      aria-label="记忆工作台"
+      aria-label={text("记忆工作台")}
       hidden={hidden}
       inert={hidden}
       onKeyDown={(e) => {
@@ -663,12 +683,12 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         clear();
       }}
     >
-      <nav className="map-library" aria-label="来源与主题" ref={pane}>
+      <nav className="map-library" aria-label={text("来源与主题")} ref={pane}>
         {props.simplified && DIALOGUE_PANE_VISIBLE ? (
           <div
             className="map-library-pane"
             role="tablist"
-            aria-label="记忆或原始对话"
+            aria-label={text("记忆或原始对话")}
             onKeyDown={(event) => {
               const order = ["memories", "dialogues"] as const;
               const current = order.indexOf(libraryPane);
@@ -705,20 +725,20 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                 aria-controls={`memory-pane-${value}`}
                 onClick={() => setLibraryPane(value)}
               >
-                {title}
+                {text(title)}
               </button>
             ))}
           </div>
         ) : null}
         {props.simplified ? (
           <div className="selected-source-filter">
-            <label htmlFor="selected-source-filter">来源</label>
+            <label htmlFor="selected-source-filter">{text("来源")}</label>
             <OptionMenu
               id="selected-source-filter"
               className="om-option-menu--plain"
               value={controlledSource}
               options={[
-                { value: "", label: "全部应用" },
+                { value: "", label: text("全部应用") },
                 ...(library?.source &&
                 !sources.some(
                   (source) =>
@@ -727,7 +747,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                   ? [
                       {
                         value: `source:${library.source}`,
-                        label: "所选来源待核对",
+                        label: text("所选来源待核对"),
                       },
                     ]
                   : []),
@@ -747,7 +767,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             />
           </div>
         ) : (
-          <fieldset className="map-axis" aria-label="地图组织方式">
+          <fieldset className="map-axis" aria-label={text("地图组织方式")}>
             {(
               [
                 ["source", "来源"],
@@ -764,7 +784,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                   setGroupKey("");
                 }}
               >
-                {title}
+                {text(title)}
               </button>
             ))}
           </fieldset>
@@ -772,15 +792,15 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         <div className="map-search">
           <Search size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
           <input
-            aria-label="筛选地图记忆"
+            aria-label={text("筛选地图记忆")}
             name="map-memory-search"
             autoComplete="off"
             placeholder={
               libraryPane === "dialogues"
-                ? "搜索原始对话"
+                ? text("搜索原始对话")
                 : props.simplified
-                  ? "搜索记忆"
-                  : "筛选记忆…"
+                  ? text("搜索记忆")
+                  : text("筛选记忆…")
             }
             value={
               libraryPane === "dialogues"
@@ -815,22 +835,30 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             <span>
               {library.stale
                 ? library.page && library.page.total > 0
-                  ? `共 ${library.page.total} 条 · 正在核对来源…`
-                  : "正在核对来源…"
+                  ? text(
+                      "共 {count} 条 · 正在核对来源…",
+                      { count: plain(library.page.total) },
+                      library.page.total,
+                    )
+                  : text("正在核对来源…")
                 : library.failed
-                  ? "读取失败"
+                  ? text("读取失败")
                   : library.loading && library.page?.total === 0
-                    ? "正在读取…"
+                    ? text("正在读取…")
                     : library.page
-                      ? `共 ${library.page.total} 条${refreshing ? " · 正在核对…" : ""}`
-                      : "正在读取…"}
+                      ? `${text(
+                          "共 {count} 条",
+                          { count: plain(library.page.total) },
+                          library.page.total,
+                        )}${refreshing ? text(" · 正在核对…") : ""}`
+                      : text("正在读取…")}
             </span>
             {!library.stale && (
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="quiet map-tool"
-                aria-label="刷新地图记忆"
-                title="刷新地图记忆"
+                aria-label={text("刷新地图记忆")}
+                title={text("刷新地图记忆")}
                 disabled={library.loading || hidden}
                 onClick={library.onRetry}
               >
@@ -847,7 +875,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
               aria-pressed={!groupKey}
               onClick={() => chooseGroup("")}
             >
-              全部记忆 <span>{active.length}</span>
+              {text("全部记忆")} <span>{active.length}</span>
             </button>
             {groups.map((g) => (
               <button
@@ -867,16 +895,22 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         {!props.simplified && (
           <div className="map-list-heading">
             <span>{label}</span>
-            <span>{filtered.length} 条</span>
+            <span>{text("{count} 条", { count: filtered.length })}</span>
           </div>
         )}
         {arrivalCount > 0 && (
           <div className="map-arrival-notice">
-            <span role="status">新增 {arrivalCount} 条记忆</span>
+            <span role="status">
+              {text(
+                "新增 {count} 条记忆",
+                { count: plain(arrivalCount) },
+                arrivalCount,
+              )}
+            </span>
             <button
               type="button"
-              title="关闭新增记忆提示"
-              aria-label="关闭新增记忆提示"
+              title={text("关闭新增记忆提示")}
+              aria-label={text("关闭新增记忆提示")}
               onClick={() => setArrivedIds([])}
             >
               <X size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
@@ -885,7 +919,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         )}
         {filterNotice && (
           <p className="map-filter-notice" role="status">
-            {filterNotice}
+            {text(filterNotice)}
           </p>
         )}
         {libraryPane === "dialogues" ? (
@@ -893,10 +927,10 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             <div className="map-list-heading" aria-live="polite">
               <span>
                 {dialogueFailed
-                  ? "读取失败"
+                  ? text("读取失败")
                   : dialoguePage
-                    ? `最近 ${dialoguePage.length} 条`
-                    : "正在读取…"}
+                    ? text("最近 {count} 条", { count: dialoguePage.length })
+                    : text("正在读取…")}
               </span>
             </div>
             <ul
@@ -925,19 +959,23 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                 </li>
               ))}
             </ul>
-            {dialogueFailed ? <p role="alert">原始对话暂时无法读取</p> : null}
+            {dialogueFailed ? (
+              <p role="alert">{text("原始对话暂时无法读取")}</p>
+            ) : null}
             {dialoguePage && !dialoguePage.length ? (
               <p className="map-empty">
-                {dialogueFilter.trim()
-                  ? "没有匹配的原始对话"
-                  : "还没有导入的原始对话"}
+                {text(
+                  dialogueFilter.trim()
+                    ? "没有匹配的原始对话"
+                    : "还没有导入的原始对话",
+                )}
               </p>
             ) : null}
           </>
         ) : null}
         <ul
           className="map-memory-list"
-          aria-label="地图记忆列表"
+          aria-label={text("地图记忆列表")}
           id="memory-pane-memories"
           hidden={libraryPane === "dialogues"}
         >
@@ -957,15 +995,19 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                       {`${sourceLabel(m.memory_id)} · ${sourceStamp(
                         library?.page?.source_time_by_memory?.[m.memory_id],
                         m.updated_at,
+                        locale,
                       )}`}
                       {/* D99: the conversation date alone would hide that this
                           one was made today, so the generated day stays too. */}
                       <span className="map-memory-made">
-                        沉淀于 {dayStamp(m.updated_at)}
+                        {text("沉淀于 ")}
+                        {dayStamp(m.updated_at, locale)}
                       </span>
                     </>
                   ) : (
-                    <>已可用 · {m.evidence_ids.length} 段原文</>
+                    text("已可用 · {count} 段原文", {
+                      count: m.evidence_ids.length,
+                    })
                   )}
                 </small>
               </button>
@@ -974,8 +1016,10 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         </ul>
         {libraryPane === "memories" && library?.failed && (
           <div role="alert">
-            <p>记忆读取失败，请重试。</p>
-            <R6Button onClick={library.onRetry}>重新读取地图记忆</R6Button>
+            <p>{text("记忆读取失败，请重试。")}</p>
+            <R6Button onClick={library.onRetry}>
+              {text("重新读取地图记忆")}
+            </R6Button>
           </div>
         )}
         {libraryPane === "memories" &&
@@ -986,10 +1030,10 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
           !filtered.length && (
             <p className="map-empty">
               {library.query || library.source
-                ? "没有匹配的记忆"
+                ? text("没有匹配的记忆")
                 : groupKey
-                  ? "本页没有匹配的主题记忆"
-                  : "还没有已生成的记忆"}
+                  ? text("本页没有匹配的主题记忆")
+                  : text("还没有已生成的记忆")}
             </p>
           )}
         {libraryPane === "memories" &&
@@ -997,12 +1041,12 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
           !library.loading &&
           !library.failed &&
           !library.stale && (
-            <nav aria-label="地图记忆分页" className="map-list-heading">
+            <nav aria-label={text("地图记忆分页")} className="map-list-heading">
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="quiet map-tool"
-                aria-label="上一页记忆"
-                title="上一页记忆"
+                aria-label={text("上一页记忆")}
+                title={text("上一页记忆")}
                 disabled={library.page.offset === 0}
                 onClick={() => {
                   clear();
@@ -1014,18 +1058,25 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                 <ChevronLeft size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
               </button>
               <span>
-                共 {library.page.total.toLocaleString()} 条，第{" "}
-                {library.page.total === 0
-                  ? 0
-                  : Math.floor(library.page.offset / library.page.limit) +
-                    1}{" "}
-                / {Math.ceil(library.page.total / library.page.limit)} 页
+                {text(
+                  "共 {count} 条，第 {page} / {pages} 页",
+                  {
+                    count: count(library.page.total),
+                    page:
+                      library.page.total === 0
+                        ? 0
+                        : Math.floor(library.page.offset / library.page.limit) +
+                          1,
+                    pages: Math.ceil(library.page.total / library.page.limit),
+                  },
+                  library.page.total,
+                )}
               </span>
               <button
                 type="button"
                 className="quiet map-tool"
-                aria-label="下一页记忆"
-                title="下一页记忆"
+                aria-label={text("下一页记忆")}
+                title={text("下一页记忆")}
                 disabled={
                   library.page.offset + library.page.items.length >=
                   library.page.total
@@ -1042,7 +1093,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             </nav>
           )}
         {!library && loaded && !filtered.length && (search || groupKey) && (
-          <p className="map-empty">没有匹配的记忆</p>
+          <p className="map-empty">{text("没有匹配的记忆")}</p>
         )}
         {(!props.simplified || (!library && !active.length)) && (
           <MemoryArrivalPanel
@@ -1056,26 +1107,26 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
           />
         )}
       </nav>
-      <section className="map-stage" aria-label="记忆关系图">
+      <section className="map-stage" aria-label={text("记忆关系图")}>
         <header className="map-stage-heading">
           <div>
             <span className="map-kicker" hidden={props.simplified}>
-              {axis === "topic" ? "主题视角（非事项）" : "来源视角"}
+              {text(axis === "topic" ? "主题视角（非事项）" : "来源视角")}
             </span>
             <h2>
               {libraryPane === "dialogues"
-                ? "原始对话"
+                ? text("原始对话")
                 : props.simplified
-                  ? "记忆关联"
+                  ? text("记忆关联")
                   : label}
             </h2>
             {props.simplified && (
               <p className="selected-graph-subtitle">
                 {libraryPane === "dialogues"
-                  ? "刚导入的原话，还不是沉淀后的记忆"
+                  ? text("刚导入的原话，还不是沉淀后的记忆")
                   : projection.nodes.length
-                    ? "来源归属"
-                    : "可在沉淀记忆后查看视图"}
+                    ? text("来源归属")
+                    : text("可在沉淀记忆后查看视图")}
               </p>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -1083,10 +1134,10 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             <button
               type="button"
               className="quiet map-tool"
-              aria-label={
-                selectedSource ? "查看选中来源原文" : "查看选中记忆原文"
-              }
-              title="查看原文"
+              aria-label={text(
+                selectedSource ? "查看选中来源原文" : "查看选中记忆原文",
+              )}
+              title={text("查看原文")}
               onClick={() => setInspectorOpen(true)}
             >
               <FileText size={17} />
@@ -1097,7 +1148,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
               type="button"
               className="quiet map-tool"
               title="整理已有关系"
-              aria-label="整理已有关系"
+              aria-label={text("整理已有关系")}
               disabled={busy || !graph?.nodes.length}
               onClick={props.onBuildRelations}
             >
@@ -1120,9 +1171,9 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                   ))}
                 </ol>
               ) : selectedDialogueId ? (
-                <p>正在读取原文…</p>
+                <p>{text("正在读取原文…")}</p>
               ) : (
-                <p>选择一条原始对话</p>
+                <p>{text("选择一条原始对话")}</p>
               )}
             </div>
           ) : projection.nodes.length && (!props.simplified || !hidden) ? (
@@ -1139,19 +1190,19 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
               <Network size={32} strokeWidth={1} />
               <p>
                 {library?.stale
-                  ? "可在沉淀记忆后查看视图"
+                  ? text("可在沉淀记忆后查看视图")
                   : library?.failed
-                    ? "记忆暂时无法读取"
+                    ? text("记忆暂时无法读取")
                     : library?.page &&
                         (library.query || library.source || groupKey)
-                      ? "当前筛选没有可显示的记忆"
+                      ? text("当前筛选没有可显示的记忆")
                       : !loaded
-                        ? "正在读取记忆…"
+                        ? text("正在读取记忆…")
                         : active.length
-                          ? "当前筛选没有可显示的记忆"
+                          ? text("当前筛选没有可显示的记忆")
                           : arrival.importedMessages > 0
-                            ? "已保存的对话还未生成记忆"
-                            : "还没有可显示的记忆"}
+                            ? text("已保存的对话还未生成记忆")
+                            : text("还没有可显示的记忆")}
               </p>
             </div>
           )}
@@ -1161,18 +1212,20 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
               something else left it dangling under a view it cannot describe. */}
           {!props.simplified && libraryPane === "memories" && (
             <div className="map-legend">
-              <span data-kind="memory">记忆</span>
-              <span data-kind="topic">主题</span>
-              <span data-kind="source">来源</span>
-              <span data-kind="schema">归纳</span>
+              <span data-kind="memory">{text("记忆")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="topic">{text("主题")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="source">{text("来源")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="schema">{text("归纳")}</span>
             </div>
           )}
           {props.simplified ? (
             projection.nodes.length ? (
-              <span>连线表示来源归属</span>
+              <span>{text("连线表示来源归属")}</span>
             ) : null
           ) : (
-            <span>{filtered.length} 条记忆 · 当前已加载</span>
+            <span>
+              {text("{count} 条记忆 · 当前已加载", { count: filtered.length })}
+            </span>
           )}
         </footer>
         {!props.simplified && (
@@ -1187,10 +1240,10 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             }}
           >
             <input
-              aria-label="向记忆提问"
+              aria-label={text("向记忆提问")}
               name="map-question"
               autoComplete="off"
-              placeholder="询问全部已授权可用记忆…"
+              placeholder={text("询问全部已授权可用记忆…")}
               value={question}
               onCompositionStart={() => {
                 composing.current = true;
@@ -1209,8 +1262,8 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             />
             <button
               type="submit"
-              title="发送问题"
-              aria-label="发送问题"
+              title={text("发送问题")}
+              aria-label={text("发送问题")}
               disabled={!question.trim() || !!props.streaming}
             >
               <ArrowUp size={17} />
@@ -1248,19 +1301,19 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
         <header className="map-inspector-heading">
           <h2>
             {inspectorDetail
-              ? "记忆详情"
+              ? text("记忆详情")
               : selectedSource
-                ? "来源原文"
+                ? text("来源原文")
                 : visibleGroupNode
-                  ? "关联节点"
-                  : "记忆详情"}
+                  ? text("关联节点")
+                  : text("记忆详情")}
           </h2>
           {(activeId || visibleGroupNode) && (
             <button
               type="button"
               className="quiet map-tool"
-              aria-label="关闭记忆详情"
-              title="关闭详情"
+              aria-label={text("关闭记忆详情")}
+              title={text("关闭详情")}
               onClick={closeInspector}
             >
               <X size={17} />
@@ -1311,7 +1364,7 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
                   <i />
                   <i />
                 </div>
-                <p role="status">正在读取这条记忆…</p>
+                <p role="status">{text("正在读取这条记忆…")}</p>
               </div>
             ) : (
               <SelectedMemoryDetail
@@ -1366,13 +1419,15 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
             {props.detailLoad?.memoryId === activeId &&
             props.detailLoad.status === "failed" ? (
               <>
-                <p role="alert">这条记忆的原文暂时无法读取，选择已保留。</p>
+                <p role="alert">
+                  {text("这条记忆的原文暂时无法读取，选择已保留。")}
+                </p>
                 <button
                   type="button"
                   className="secondary"
                   onClick={() => activeId && onOpenMemory(activeId)}
                 >
-                  重试读取原文
+                  {text("重试读取原文")}
                 </button>
               </>
             ) : props.simplified && !activeId && filtered.length ? (
@@ -1382,15 +1437,26 @@ export function MemoryMap(props: Props) {
               // single-column surface needs it — the three-column one already
               // lists the same memories in the pane beside this one.
               <>
-                <p>{`已沉淀 ${filtered.length} 条记忆`}</p>
-                <ul className="map-settled-list" aria-label="已沉淀的记忆">
+                <p>
+                  {text(
+                    "已沉淀 {count} 条记忆",
+                    { count: plain(filtered.length) },
+                    filtered.length,
+                  )}
+                </p>
+                <ul
+                  className="map-settled-list"
+                  aria-label={text("已沉淀的记忆")}
+                >
                   {filtered.map((m) => (
                     <li key={m.memory_id}>{m.content}</li>
                   ))}
                 </ul>
               </>
             ) : (
-              <p>{activeId ? "正在读取记忆详情…" : "沉淀记忆后查看详情"}</p>
+              <p>
+                {text(activeId ? "正在读取记忆详情…" : "沉淀记忆后查看详情")}
+              </p>
             )}
           </div>
         )}

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryNoteComposer.test.tsx

@@ -3,8 +3,40 @@ import type { MemoryNoteReceipt } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { MemoryNoteComposer } from "./MemoryNoteComposer";
 
+it("opens a Spanish composer without saving, processing or enabling anything", async () => {
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <MemoryNoteComposer
+        onSaved={vi.fn()}
+        onOpenMemory={vi.fn()}
+        onConfigureModel={vi.fn()}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await userEvent.click(
+    await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Añadir memoria" }),
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByRole("dialog", { name: "Añadir memoria" })).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "¿Qué quieres recordar?" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    (screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Guardar texto" }) as HTMLButtonElement)
+      .disabled,
+  ).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Cerrar nueva memoria" }),
+  );
+  expect(api.saveMemoryNote).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(api.processMemoryNote).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 const api = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   getMemoryNotes: vi.fn(),
   getMemoryNoteOperation: vi.fn(),

memhub/apps/web/src/MemoryNoteComposer.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   processMemoryNote,
   saveMemoryNote,
 } from "./api";
+import { useMemoryLanguage } from "./memory-language";
 import { memoryWriteErrorText } from "./model-error-text";
 import { subscribePoll } from "./poll-scheduler";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
   onPendingChange?(note: PendingMemoryNote | null): void;
   suspended?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { text: copy } = useMemoryLanguage();
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
   const [text, setText] = useState("");
   const [notes, setNotes] = useState<MemoryNoteReceipt[]>([]);
@@ -274,11 +276,11 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
         data-tour-id="memory-note-trigger"
         onClick={() => setOpen(true)}
       >
-        <FilePlus2 size={16} aria-hidden="true" /> 添加记忆
+        <FilePlus2 size={16} aria-hidden="true" /> {copy("添加记忆")}
       </button>
       {savedToast && (
         <p className="memory-note-toast" role="status">
-          {savedToast}
+          {copy(savedToast)}
         </p>
       )}
       {open && (
@@ -313,12 +315,12 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
             }}
           >
             <header className="memory-note-heading">
-              <h2 id="memory-note-title">添加记忆</h2>
+              <h2 id="memory-note-title">{copy("添加记忆")}</h2>
               <button
                 className="quiet"
                 type="button"
-                aria-label="关闭新增记忆"
-                title="关闭"
+                aria-label={copy("关闭新增记忆")}
+                title={copy("关闭")}
                 disabled={busy}
                 onClick={close}
               >
@@ -332,7 +334,7 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
               }}
             >
               <label className="memory-note-label" htmlFor="memory-note-text">
-                记下这件事
+                {copy("记下这件事")}
               </label>
               <textarea
                 id="memory-note-text"
@@ -340,20 +342,20 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
                 maxLength={12000}
                 value={text}
                 disabled={busy}
-                placeholder="例如：项目周会不排在周五。"
+                placeholder={copy("例如：项目周会不排在周五。")}
                 onChange={(event) => setText(event.target.value)}
               />
               <p className="memory-note-model">
-                整理模型：
+                {copy("整理模型：")}
                 {model?.name ??
-                  (modelRead ? "尚未配置，原话仍可保存" : "正在读取")}
+                  copy(modelRead ? "尚未配置，原话仍可保存" : "正在读取")}
               </p>
               {error && (
                 <p className="error-banner" role="alert">
-                  {error}
+                  {copy(error)}
                 </p>
               )}
-              {notice && <p role="status">{notice}</p>}
+              {notice && <p role="status">{copy(notice)}</p>}
               <div className="consent-actions">
                 {modelRead && !model && (
                   <button
@@ -365,30 +367,35 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
                       onConfigureModel();
                     }}
                   >
-                    配置模型
+                    {copy("配置模型")}
                   </button>
                 )}
                 <button type="submit" disabled={busy || !text.trim()}>
-                  {busy ? "保存中…" : "保存原话"}
+                  {copy(busy ? "保存中…" : "保存原话")}
                 </button>
               </div>
             </form>
             {notes.length > 0 && (
-              <section className="memory-note-recent" aria-label="最近添加">
-                <h3>最近添加</h3>
+              <section
+                className="memory-note-recent"
+                aria-label={copy("最近添加")}
+              >
+                <h3>{copy("最近添加")}</h3>
                 <ul>
                   {notes.map((note) => (
                     <li key={note.evidence_id}>
                       <p>{note.text}</p>
-                      <small>{states[note.state]}</small>
+                      <small>{copy(states[note.state])}</small>
                       {memoryWriteErrorText(note.error) && (
                         <p className="error-banner">
-                          {memoryWriteErrorText(note.error)}
+                          {copy(memoryWriteErrorText(note.error) ?? "")}
                         </p>
                       )}
                       {note.error === "hy_memory_model_payment_required" && (
                         <p className="error-banner">
-                          模型服务要求检查余额或付款状态，原话仍已保存。
+                          {copy(
+                            "模型服务要求检查余额或付款状态，原话仍已保存。",
+                          )}
                         </p>
                       )}
                       <div className="memory-note-actions">
@@ -402,7 +409,7 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
                               onOpenMemory(id);
                             }}
                           >
-                            查看记忆
+                            {copy("查看记忆")}
                             {note.memory_ids.length > 1 ? ` ${index + 1}` : ""}
                           </button>
                         ))}
@@ -416,7 +423,7 @@ export function MemoryNoteComposer({
                             onClick={() => void retry(note)}
                           >
                             <RefreshCw size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-                            重新整理
+                            {copy("重新整理")}
                           </button>
                         )}
                       </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/MemorySpace.r6.test.tsx

@@ -8,9 +8,87 @@ import {
   waitFor,
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { DIALOGUE_PANE_VISIBLE } from "./MemoryMap";
 import { MemorySpace } from "./MemorySpace";
 
+it("translates memory filters and detail affordances live without refetching", async () => {
+  setup();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <MemorySpace simplified />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Memorias", level: 1 });
+  await screen.findByText("已保存的记忆");
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Filtrar memorias del mapa" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Actualizar memorias" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  const calls = reads.mapLibrary.mock.calls.length;
+  act(() => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", { key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY }),
+    );
+  });
+  expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "记忆", level: 1 })).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(reads.mapLibrary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(calls);
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it("localiza la navegación de gobierno de la biblioteca", async () => {
+  setup();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <MemorySpace simplified />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Memorias", level: 1 });
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("navigation", {
+      name: "Estado de las memorias",
+      hidden: true,
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it("localiza cola y estimación sin alterar las memorias", async () => {
+  setup();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  reads.processing.mockResolvedValue({
+    running: 1,
+    pending: 2,
+    fresh_pending: 1,
+    backlog_pending: 1,
+    in_flight_count: 1,
+    active_queue: 1,
+    seconds_per_completion: 60,
+    completed: 0,
+    blocked_stages: [],
+  });
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <MemorySpace />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByText(
+      /1 en procesamiento · 1 recientes pendientes · 1 del historial pendientes/,
+    ),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/aprox. 2 minutos/)).toBeTruthy();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 const { reads } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   reads: {
     memories: vi.fn(),
@@ -73,6 +151,36 @@ afterEach(() => {
   vi.useRealTimers();
   vi.clearAllMocks();
 });
+it("translates the model-required prompt without configuring a model", async () => {
+  setup();
+  reads.processing.mockResolvedValue({
+    running: 0,
+    pending: 0,
+    completed: 0,
+    blocked_stages: [
+      { kind: "extract", reason: "waiting_for_model", count: 4 },
+    ],
+  });
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const configure = vi.fn();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <MemorySpace simplified onConfigureModel={configure} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("status", {
+      name: "Generación de memorias detenida",
+    }),
+  ).toHaveProperty(
+    "textContent",
+    "Aún no se generan memorias: Esperando un modelo disponible (4 pendientes)Configurar modelo de generación",
+  );
+  expect(configure).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 function setup() {
   const items = [
     {

memhub/apps/web/src/ModelSettings.test.tsx

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { createRef, useState } from "react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
-
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import {
   ModelSettings,
   type ModelSettingsActions,
@@ -22,6 +22,45 @@ import {
 import type { PendingModelProbe } from "./pending-model-probe";
 import { PROVIDER_PRESETS } from "./provider-presets";
 
+it("keeps the edited model draft and does not mutate on live language changes", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  profiles = [profile];
+  const user = userEvent.setup();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <ModelSettings />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const field = await screen.findByLabelText(
+    "Identificador del modelo de generación",
+  );
+  await user.type(field, "synthetic-model");
+  const before = [
+    create.mock.calls.length,
+    update.mock.calls.length,
+    activate.mock.calls.length,
+    probeProfile.mock.calls.length,
+  ];
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  await act(async () =>
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", { key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY }),
+    ),
+  );
+  expect(await screen.findByLabelText("生成模型名")).toHaveProperty(
+    "value",
+    "synthetic-model",
+  );
+  expect([
+    create.mock.calls.length,
+    update.mock.calls.length,
+    activate.mock.calls.length,
+    probeProfile.mock.calls.length,
+  ]).toEqual(before);
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 const create = vi.fn();
 const probeProfile = vi.fn();
 const activate = vi.fn();

memhub/apps/web/src/ModelSettings.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   useState,
 } from "react";
 import { OptionMenu } from "./OptionMenu";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { PROVIDER_PRESETS } from "./provider-presets";
 import { useModelProfiles } from "./use-model-profiles";
 import "./model-setup-next.css";
@@ -231,6 +232,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
   compactSingle?: boolean;
   onSetupComplete?(): void;
 } = {}) {
+  const { text } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const models = useModelProfiles();
   const [provider, setProvider] = useState<ProviderKind>("openai_compatible");
   const [providerPreset, setProviderPreset] = useState("custom");
@@ -698,25 +700,28 @@ export function ModelSettings({
       <div className="section-heading">
         <div>
           <p className="section-index">02</p>
-          <h2 id="models-title">记忆模型</h2>
+          <h2 id="models-title">{text("记忆模型")}</h2>
         </div>
         <p>
-          只需配置生成模型。向量嵌入已内置在本机，不为 System 1、System 2
-          分开选模型。
+          {text(
+            "只需配置生成模型。向量嵌入已内置在本机，不为 System 1、System 2 分开选模型。",
+          )}
         </p>
       </div>
 
       {models.error ? (
         <p className="error-banner" role="alert">
-          {models.error}
+          {text(models.error)}
         </p>
       ) : null}
       {(models.pendingProbe || models.probeStorageFailed) && (
         <div role="status" className="model-refresh-notice">
           <p>
-            {models.probeStorageFailed
-              ? "无法读取测试恢复记录，暂不发送新的测试。"
-              : "上次模型测试结果待核对，暂不修改或启用配置。"}
+            {text(
+              models.probeStorageFailed
+                ? "无法读取测试恢复记录，暂不发送新的测试。"
+                : "上次模型测试结果待核对，暂不修改或启用配置。",
+            )}
           </p>
           {models.pendingProbe && (
             <button
@@ -731,7 +736,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                 if (alive.current) onProfilesChanged?.();
               }}
             >
-              核对测试结果
+              {text("核对测试结果")}
             </button>
           )}
         </div>
@@ -739,9 +744,11 @@ export function ModelSettings({
       {(models.pendingCreation || models.creationStorageFailed) && (
         <div role="status" className="model-refresh-notice">
           <p>
-            {models.creationMissing
-              ? "未找到上次创建记录。确认放弃旧记录后可重新配置；系统不会自动重试。"
-              : "上次模型创建结果待核对，暂不开始新的操作。"}
+            {text(
+              models.creationMissing
+                ? "未找到上次创建记录。确认放弃旧记录后可重新配置；系统不会自动重试。"
+                : "上次模型创建结果待核对，暂不开始新的操作。",
+            )}
           </p>
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -757,7 +764,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               onProfilesChanged?.();
             }}
           >
-            核对创建结果
+            {text("核对创建结果")}
           </button>
           {models.pendingCreation && (
             <button
@@ -771,26 +778,28 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                 setSaveError(null);
               }}
             >
-              放弃旧记录，重新配置
+              {text("放弃旧记录，重新配置")}
             </button>
           )}
         </div>
       )}
       {setupPhase && (
         <p className="model-test-notice" role="status">
-          {setupPhase === "testing"
-            ? "配置已保存，正在测试连接…"
-            : "连接通过，正在启用模型…"}
+          {text(
+            setupPhase === "testing"
+              ? "配置已保存，正在测试连接…"
+              : "连接通过，正在启用模型…",
+          )}
         </p>
       )}
       {setupError && (
         <p className="model-save-error" role="alert">
-          {setupError}
+          {text(setupError)}
         </p>
       )}
       {models.refreshError && (
         <div className="model-refresh-notice" role="status">
-          <p>{models.refreshError}</p>
+          <p>{text(models.refreshError)}</p>
           <button
             type="button"
             className="secondary"
@@ -798,7 +807,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
             onClick={() => void models.refreshProfiles()}
           >
             <RefreshCw size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-            刷新配置列表
+            {text("刷新配置列表")}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
@@ -837,7 +846,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               } else newProfile();
             }}
           >
-            自定义一个模型
+            {text("自定义一个模型")}
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
@@ -845,7 +854,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
       {!compactSingle && savedProfile && (
         <article
           className="model-saved-card"
-          aria-label="已保存的模型配置"
+          aria-label={text("已保存的模型配置")}
           tabIndex={-1}
           ref={savedCard}
           data-tour-id="model-form"
@@ -853,34 +862,37 @@ export function ModelSettings({
           <div className="model-saved-heading">
             <Check size={18} aria-hidden="true" />
             <strong>
-              {isReady(savedProfile) && savedProfile.is_active
-                ? "已保存，已启用"
-                : isReady(savedProfile)
-                  ? "已保存，连接通过"
-                  : models.probeFor(savedProfile)
-                    ? "已保存，测试未通过"
-                    : "已保存，待测试"}
+              {text(
+                isReady(savedProfile) && savedProfile.is_active
+                  ? "已保存，已启用"
+                  : isReady(savedProfile)
+                    ? "已保存，连接通过"
+                    : models.probeFor(savedProfile)
+                      ? "已保存，测试未通过"
+                      : "已保存，待测试",
+              )}
             </strong>
           </div>
           <h3>{savedProfile.name}</h3>
           <p>
-            {savedProfile.model} · {endpointLabel(savedProfile.base_url)} · 版本{" "}
-            {savedProfile.revision}
+            {savedProfile.model} · {text(endpointLabel(savedProfile.base_url))}{" "}
+            · {text("版本")} {savedProfile.revision}
           </p>
           {savedProfile.credential_state === "unavailable" && (
             <p role="status">
-              需要允许 MemHub
-              访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。
+              {text(
+                "需要允许 MemHub 访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。",
+              )}
             </p>
           )}
-          <p>测试只向此接口发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。</p>
+          <p>{text("测试只向此接口发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。")}</p>
           <div className="source-actions">
             <button
               type="button"
               disabled={locked}
               onClick={() => void resumeSetup(savedProfile)}
             >
-              {setupError ? "重试测试并启用" : "测试并启用"}
+              {text(setupError ? "重试测试并启用" : "测试并启用")}
             </button>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -889,7 +901,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               onClick={() => editProfile(savedProfile)}
             >
               <Pencil size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-              编辑配置
+              {text("编辑配置")}
             </button>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -898,7 +910,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               onClick={newProfile}
             >
               <Plus size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-              新增配置
+              {text("新增配置")}
             </button>
           </div>
           <ProbeFeedback
@@ -920,18 +932,20 @@ export function ModelSettings({
         >
           {editing && (
             <p className="model-test-notice">
-              编辑 {editing.name} · 版本 {editing.revision}
-              。修改后需重新测试并设为当前模型，内容授权不会自动更新。
+              {text("编辑")} {editing.name} · {text("版本")} {editing.revision}
+              {text("。修改后需重新测试并设为当前模型，内容授权不会自动更新。")}
             </p>
           )}
           {editChanged && (
             <p role="alert" className="model-save-error">
-              配置已在其他位置变化，草稿已保留。请取消编辑后重新打开核对。
+              {text(
+                "配置已在其他位置变化，草稿已保留。请取消编辑后重新打开核对。",
+              )}
             </p>
           )}
           {saveError && (
             <p className="model-save-error" role="alert">
-              {saveError}
+              {text(saveError)}
             </p>
           )}
           {unknownCreation && !editing && (
@@ -940,13 +954,13 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               disabled={formLocked}
               onClick={() => void models.refreshProfiles()}
             >
-              刷新配置列表
+              {text("刷新配置列表")}
             </button>
           )}
           <div className="model-form-field">
-            服务商预设
+            {text("服务商预设")}
             <OptionMenu
-              ariaLabel="服务商预设"
+              ariaLabel={text("服务商预设")}
               describedBy="model-preset-help"
               value={providerPreset}
               disabled={formLocked}
@@ -955,7 +969,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                   value: item.id,
                   label: item.label,
                 })),
-                { value: "custom", label: "自定义兼容服务" },
+                { value: "custom", label: text("自定义兼容服务") },
               ]}
               onChange={(value) => {
                 const next = PROVIDER_PRESETS.find((item) => item.id === value);
@@ -977,15 +991,16 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               }}
             />
             <small id="model-preset-help">
-              只是帮你填好接口地址和一个模型名，不代表这个模型当前可用。
-              请对照服务商的模型列表核对后再保存。
+              {text(
+                "只是帮你填好接口地址和一个模型名，不代表这个模型当前可用。 请对照服务商的模型列表核对后再保存。",
+              )}
             </small>
           </div>
           <label>
-            协议
+            {text("协议")}
             <select
               name="provider"
-              aria-label="协议"
+              aria-label={text("协议")}
               aria-describedby="model-provider-help"
               value={provider}
               disabled={formLocked}
@@ -1001,19 +1016,19 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                * the reader parse a parenthesis to find out they were dead. */}
               {PROVIDERS.filter((item) => item.activatable).map((item) => (
                 <option key={item.kind} value={item.kind}>
-                  {item.label}
+                  {text(item.label)}
                 </option>
               ))}
             </select>
             <small id="model-provider-help">
-              与模型服务提供的接口协议保持一致。
+              {text("与模型服务提供的接口协议保持一致。")}
             </small>
           </label>
           <label>
-            配置名称
+            {text("配置名称")}
             <input
               name="name"
-              aria-label="配置名称"
+              aria-label={text("配置名称")}
               aria-describedby="model-name-help"
               autoComplete="off"
               maxLength={128}
@@ -1024,13 +1039,15 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                 setName(event.target.value);
               }}
             />
-            <small id="model-name-help">用于区分配置，不影响模型请求。</small>
+            <small id="model-name-help">
+              {text("用于区分配置，不影响模型请求。")}
+            </small>
           </label>
           <label>
-            生成模型名
+            {text("生成模型名")}
             <input
               name="model"
-              aria-label="生成模型名"
+              aria-label={text("生成模型名")}
               aria-describedby={`model-identifier-help${fields.model ? " model-field-error" : ""}`}
               aria-invalid={!!fields.model}
               autoComplete="off"
@@ -1043,14 +1060,14 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                 setProviderPreset("custom");
                 if (!nameEdited) setName(suggestedName(event.target.value));
               }}
-              placeholder="例如：gpt-4o-mini…"
+              placeholder={text("例如：gpt-4o-mini…")}
             />
             <small id="model-identifier-help">
-              填写服务方提供的完整模型标识。
+              {text("填写服务方提供的完整模型标识。")}
             </small>
             {fields.model && (
               <small id="model-field-error" className="model-field-error">
-                {fields.model}
+                {text(fields.model)}
               </small>
             )}
           </label>
@@ -1063,12 +1080,12 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               disabled={formLocked}
               onClick={() => setAdvancedEmbedding(!advancedEmbedding)}
             >
-              高级：自行配置向量模型
+              {text("高级：自行配置向量模型")}
             </button>
             {advancedEmbedding ? (
               <>
                 <label>
-                  向量配置模式
+                  {text("向量配置模式")}
                   <select
                     name="embedding-mode"
                     value={embeddingMode}
@@ -1085,14 +1102,14 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                       }));
                     }}
                   >
-                    <option value="local">本地内置</option>
-                    <option value="custom">自定义向量模型</option>
+                    <option value="local">{text("本地内置")}</option>
+                    <option value="custom">{text("自定义向量模型")}</option>
                   </select>
                 </label>
                 {embeddingMode === "custom" ? (
                   <>
                     <label>
-                      向量模型名
+                      {text("向量模型名")}
                       <input
                         name="embedding-model"
                         autoComplete="off"
@@ -1109,19 +1126,19 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                         onChange={(event) =>
                           setEmbeddingModel(event.target.value)
                         }
-                        placeholder="例如：text-embedding-3-small…"
+                        placeholder={text("例如：text-embedding-3-small…")}
                       />
                       {fields["embedding-model"] && (
                         <small
                           id="model-embedding-error"
                           className="model-field-error"
                         >
-                          {fields["embedding-model"]}
+                          {text(fields["embedding-model"])}
                         </small>
                       )}
                     </label>
                     <label>
-                      向量模型来源
+                      {text("向量模型来源")}
                       <select
                         name="embedding-provider"
                         value={embeddingProvider}
@@ -1133,14 +1150,14 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                           setEmbeddingProvider(next);
                         }}
                       >
-                        <option value="ollama">本机 Ollama</option>
+                        <option value="ollama">{text("本机 Ollama")}</option>
                         <option value="openai_compatible">
-                          同源 OpenAI-compatible（共用 API Key）
+                          {text("同源 OpenAI-compatible（共用 API Key）")}
                         </option>
                       </select>
                     </label>
                     <label>
-                      向量模型 Base URL
+                      {text("向量模型 Base URL")}
                       <input
                         name="embedding-base-url"
                         type="url"
@@ -1169,27 +1186,27 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                           id="model-embedding-url-error"
                           className="model-field-error"
                         >
-                          {fields["embedding-base-url"]}
+                          {text(fields["embedding-base-url"])}
                         </small>
                       )}
                     </label>
                     {embeddingProvider === "openai_compatible" ? (
                       <small>
-                        为避免凭据外泄，向量地址必须与生成模型同源。
+                        {text("为避免凭据外泄，向量地址必须与生成模型同源。")}
                       </small>
                     ) : null}
                   </>
                 ) : (
                   <small>
-                    使用内置本地向量模型；不会发送内容给远程向量服务。
+                    {text("使用内置本地向量模型；不会发送内容给远程向量服务。")}
                   </small>
                 )}
               </>
             ) : null}
             {!advancedEmbedding && embeddingMode === "custom" ? (
               <p className="model-help">
-                自定义向量：{embeddingModel || "尚未填写模型"} ·{" "}
-                {embeddingBaseUrl || "尚未填写地址"}
+                {text("自定义向量")}: {embeddingModel || text("尚未填写模型")} ·{" "}
+                {embeddingBaseUrl || text("尚未填写地址")}
               </p>
             ) : null}
           </div>
@@ -1212,19 +1229,19 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               }}
             />
             <small id="model-url-help">
-              填写服务接口地址，不是聊天网页地址。
+              {text("填写服务接口地址，不是聊天网页地址。")}
             </small>
             {fields["base-url"] && (
               <small id="model-url-error" className="model-field-error">
-                {fields["base-url"]}
+                {text(fields["base-url"])}
               </small>
             )}
           </label>
           <label>
-            API Key{keyRequired ? "" : "（可选）"}
+            API Key{keyRequired ? "" : text("（可选）")}
             <input
               name="api-key"
-              aria-label={`API Key${keyRequired ? "" : "（可选）"}`}
+              aria-label={`API Key${keyRequired ? "" : text("（可选）")}`}
               aria-describedby={`model-key-help${fields["api-key"] ? " model-key-error" : ""}`}
               aria-invalid={!!fields["api-key"]}
               type="password"
@@ -1233,18 +1250,20 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               value={apiKey}
               disabled={formLocked}
               onChange={(event) => setApiKey(event.target.value)}
-              placeholder="保存后不会再次显示…"
+              placeholder={text("保存后不会再次显示…")}
             />
             <small id="model-key-help">
-              {editing && !endpointMoved
-                ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试和启用。"
-                : editing && keyRequired
-                  ? "换了服务商后需要填写新的 API Key，已保存的密钥不会带到新地址。"
-                  : "保存在系统安全存储中，不随安装包分发。"}
+              {text(
+                editing && !endpointMoved
+                  ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试和启用。"
+                  : editing && keyRequired
+                    ? "换了服务商后需要填写新的 API Key，已保存的密钥不会带到新地址。"
+                    : "保存在系统安全存储中，不随安装包分发。",
+              )}
             </small>
             {fields["api-key"] && (
               <small id="model-key-error" className="model-field-error">
-                {fields["api-key"]}
+                {text(fields["api-key"])}
               </small>
             )}
           </label>
@@ -1256,7 +1275,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               disabled={formLocked}
               onChange={(event) => setDisableThinking(event.target.checked)}
             />
-            关闭思考链（向支持的厂商下发 thinking-off 参数）
+            {text("关闭思考链（向支持的厂商下发 thinking-off 参数）")}
           </label>
           <div className="form-submit">
             {!compactSingle && (
@@ -1266,7 +1285,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                   locked || editChanged || (!editing && unknownCreation)
                 }
               >
-                {editing ? "保存修改" : "保存配置"}
+                {text(editing ? "保存修改" : "保存配置")}
               </button>
             )}
             <button
@@ -1274,13 +1293,15 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               disabled={locked || editChanged || (!editing && unknownCreation)}
               onClick={() => void persist(true)}
             >
-              {setupPhase === "testing"
-                ? "正在测试连接…"
-                : setupPhase === "activating"
-                  ? "正在启用配置…"
-                  : compactSingle
-                    ? "测试并完成配置"
-                    : "保存并测试启用"}
+              {text(
+                setupPhase === "testing"
+                  ? "正在测试连接…"
+                  : setupPhase === "activating"
+                    ? "正在启用配置…"
+                    : compactSingle
+                      ? "测试并完成配置"
+                      : "保存并测试启用",
+              )}
             </button>
             {editing && (
               <button
@@ -1295,10 +1316,12 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                   setFields({});
                 }}
               >
-                取消编辑
+                {text("取消编辑")}
               </button>
             )}
-            <small>密钥保存在系统安全存储；测试仅发送测试内容。</small>
+            <small>
+              {text("密钥保存在系统安全存储；测试仅发送测试内容。")}
+            </small>
           </div>
         </form>
       ) : null}
@@ -1315,14 +1338,16 @@ export function ModelSettings({
               <article key={profile.profile_id} className="profile-row">
                 {profile.credential_state === "unavailable" && (
                   <p className="error-banner" role="status">
-                    需要允许 MemHub
-                    访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。
+                    {text(
+                      "需要允许 MemHub 访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。",
+                    )}
                   </p>
                 )}
                 <div>
                   <strong>{profile.name}</strong>
                   <p>
-                    {providerLabel(profile.provider_kind)} · {profile.model} ·
+                    {text(providerLabel(profile.provider_kind))} ·{" "}
+                    {profile.model} ·
                     {/* Core fills in the built-in vector model on every profile,
                      * so printing it unconditionally put a line about
                      * bge-small-zh-v1.5 under a profile whose owner never chose
@@ -1331,17 +1356,17 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                     {profile.embedding_model &&
                     profile.embedding_provider_kind &&
                     profile.embedding_provider_kind !== BUILTIN_EMBEDDING_KIND
-                      ? ` 向量: ${profile.embedding_model} (${providerLabel(
-                          profile.embedding_provider_kind,
+                      ? ` ${text("自定义向量")}: ${profile.embedding_model} (${text(
+                          providerLabel(profile.embedding_provider_kind),
                         )}) ·`
                       : ""}{" "}
                     revision {profile.revision}
                   </p>
                 </div>
-                <span>{profile.is_active ? "当前使用" : "未启用"}</span>
+                <span>{text(profile.is_active ? "当前使用" : "未启用")}</span>
                 <p className="model-test-notice">
-                  测试目标：{endpointLabel(profile.base_url)}
-                  。仅发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。
+                  {text("测试目标")}: {text(endpointLabel(profile.base_url))}
+                  {text("。仅发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。")}
                 </p>
                 <div className="source-actions">
                   <button
@@ -1349,7 +1374,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                     disabled={locked}
                     onClick={() => void resumeSetup(profile)}
                   >
-                    {setupError ? "重试测试并启用" : "测试并启用"}
+                    {text(setupError ? "重试测试并启用" : "测试并启用")}
                   </button>
                   <button
                     type="button"
@@ -1358,7 +1383,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                     onClick={() => editProfile(profile)}
                   >
                     <Pencil size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-                    编辑配置
+                    {text("编辑配置")}
                   </button>
                   <button
                     type="button"
@@ -1366,7 +1391,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                     disabled={locked}
                     onClick={() => models.probeProfile(profile.profile_id)}
                   >
-                    测试连接
+                    {text("测试连接")}
                   </button>
                   {!profile.is_active ? (
                     <>
@@ -1375,7 +1400,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                         disabled={locked || !isReady(profile)}
                         onClick={() => models.activate(profile.profile_id)}
                       >
-                        设为当前模型
+                        {text("设为当前模型")}
                       </button>
                       <button
                         type="button"
@@ -1383,7 +1408,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({
                         disabled={locked}
                         onClick={() => models.remove(profile.profile_id)}
                       >
-                        删除
+                        {text("删除")}
                       </button>
                     </>
                   ) : null}
@@ -1435,6 +1460,7 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
   probe: ModelProbeResult | null;
   probeError: string | null;
 }) {
+  const { text } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const [key, setKey] = useState("");
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
@@ -1483,21 +1509,25 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
     <section className="preset-profile" aria-label={profile.name}>
       <div>
         <strong>{profile.name}</strong>
-        <p>{presetStatus(profile)}</p>
+        <p>{text(presetStatus(profile))}</p>
       </div>
       {discloseRecipients && (
         <p>
-          生成接收方：{endpointLabel(profile.base_url)}；向量接收方：
+          {text("生成接收方")}: {text(endpointLabel(profile.base_url))};{" "}
+          {text("向量接收方")}:
           {profile.embedding_provider_kind === BUILTIN_EMBEDDING_KIND
-            ? "本机"
-            : endpointLabel(profile.embedding_base_url ?? profile.base_url)}
-          。启用此配置后按上方选择处理历史及未来允许来源。
+            ? text("本机")
+            : text(
+                endpointLabel(profile.embedding_base_url ?? profile.base_url),
+              )}
+          {text("。启用此配置后按上方选择处理历史及未来允许来源。")}
         </p>
       )}
       {profile.credential_state === "unavailable" && (
         <p role="status">
-          需要允许 MemHub
-          访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。
+          {text(
+            "需要允许 MemHub 访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”；已保存的配置不会丢失。",
+          )}
         </p>
       )}
       {profile.has_api_key ? null : (
@@ -1511,7 +1541,7 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
           noValidate
         >
           <label>
-            {keyLabel}
+            {text(keyLabel)}
             <input
               name="preset-api-key"
               type="password"
@@ -1524,7 +1554,7 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
               }
               value={key}
               onChange={(event) => setKey(event.target.value)}
-              placeholder="保存后不会再次显示…"
+              placeholder={text("保存后不会再次显示…")}
             />
             {error && (
               <small
@@ -1532,12 +1562,12 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
                 className="model-field-error"
                 role="alert"
               >
-                {error}
+                {text(error)}
               </small>
             )}
           </label>
           <button type="submit" disabled={busy || saving}>
-            保存 key
+            {text("保存 key")}
           </button>
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -1545,11 +1575,11 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
             disabled={busy || saving || !canEnable}
             onClick={() => void save(true)}
           >
-            保存并测试启用
+            {text("保存并测试启用")}
           </button>
           {applyHref ? (
             <a href={applyHref} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">
-              还没有 key？去申请
+              {text("还没有 key？去申请")}
             </a>
           ) : null}
         </form>
@@ -1562,21 +1592,21 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
             disabled={busy || !canEnable}
             onClick={onContinue}
           >
-            测试并启用
+            {text("测试并启用")}
           </button>
           <p className="model-test-notice">
-            测试目标：{endpointLabel(profile.base_url)}
-            。仅发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。
+            {text("测试目标")}: {text(endpointLabel(profile.base_url))}
+            {text("。仅发送测试内容，不发送历史对话。")}
           </p>
           <button type="button" disabled={busy} onClick={onTest}>
-            测试连接
+            {text("测试连接")}
           </button>
           <button
             type="button"
             disabled={busy || !canEnable || !ready(profile, probe, probeError)}
             onClick={onActivate}
           >
-            设为当前模型
+            {text("设为当前模型")}
           </button>
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -1584,7 +1614,7 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
             disabled={busy}
             onClick={onRemove}
           >
-            删除
+            {text("删除")}
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
@@ -1601,7 +1631,7 @@ function PresetProfileCard({
             disabled={busy}
             onClick={onRemove}
           >
-            删除这张卡
+            {text("删除这张卡")}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
@@ -1639,6 +1669,7 @@ function ProbeFeedback({
   result: ModelProbeResult | null;
   error: string | null;
 }) {
+  const { text } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const matching =
     result?.profile_id === profile.profile_id &&
     result.profile_revision === profile.revision
@@ -1648,20 +1679,22 @@ function ProbeFeedback({
   return (
     <section
       className="probe-result"
-      aria-label={`${profile.name} 版本 ${profile.revision} 测试结果`}
+      aria-label={`${profile.name} ${text("版本")} ${profile.revision} ${text("测试结果")}`}
     >
       <strong>
-        {profile.name} · 版本 {profile.revision} · 连接测试
+        {profile.name} · {text("版本")} {profile.revision} · {text("测试连接")}
       </strong>
       <p>
-        测试目标：{endpointLabel(profile.base_url)} · {profile.model}
+        {text("测试目标")}: {text(endpointLabel(profile.base_url))} ·{" "}
+        {profile.model}
       </p>
-      {error && <p role="alert">{error}</p>}
+      {error && <p role="alert">{text(error)}</p>}
       {matching && (
         <ul>
           {matching.stages.map((stage) => (
             <li key={stage.stage}>
-              {stage.stage}: {probeLabel(stage.code)} · {stage.latency_ms}ms
+              {stage.stage}: {text(probeLabel(stage.code))} · {stage.latency_ms}
+              ms
             </li>
           ))}
         </ul>

memhub/apps/web/src/ModelUsageView.tsx

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
+import type { MessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
 import {
   getModelUsage,
   type ModelUsageMinute,
   type ModelUsageReport,
 } from "./api";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 
-const RANGES = [
-  { minutes: 15, label: "最近 15 分钟" },
-  { minutes: 60, label: "最近 1 小时" },
-  { minutes: 360, label: "最近 6 小时" },
-  { minutes: 1_440, label: "最近 24 小时" },
-  { minutes: 10_080, label: "最近 7 天" },
+const RANGES: { minutes: number; label: MessageKey }[] = [
+  { minutes: 15, label: "usageRange15m" },
+  { minutes: 60, label: "usageRange1h" },
+  { minutes: 360, label: "usageRange6h" },
+  { minutes: 1_440, label: "usageRange24h" },
+  { minutes: 10_080, label: "usageRange7d" },
 ];
 
 const STAGE_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ interface ModelUsageViewProps {
 }
 
 export function ModelUsageView({ live, refreshToken }: ModelUsageViewProps) {
+  const { t, tnPlain } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [rangeMinutes, setRangeMinutes] = useState(60);
   const [report, setReport] = useState<ModelUsageReport | null>(null);
   const [state, setState] = useState<"loading" | "ready" | "error">("loading");
@@ -76,33 +79,33 @@ export function ModelUsageView({ live, refreshToken }: ModelUsageViewProps) {
     <div className="model-usage-view">
       <div className="model-usage-toolbar">
         <label>
-          <span>时间范围</span>
+          <span>{t("usageRange")}</span>
           <select
-            aria-label="模型用量时间范围"
+            aria-label={t("usageRangeLabel")}
             value={rangeMinutes}
             onChange={(event) => setRangeMinutes(Number(event.target.value))}
           >
             {RANGES.map((range) => (
               <option key={range.minutes} value={range.minutes}>
-                {range.label}
+                {t(range.label)}
               </option>
             ))}
           </select>
         </label>
         <span className={`model-usage-state state-${state}`}>
           {state === "loading"
-            ? "正在读取…"
+            ? t("usageLoading")
             : state === "error"
-              ? "读取失败"
+              ? t("usageReadError")
               : live
-                ? "每 5 秒刷新"
-                : "已暂停"}
+                ? t("usageLive")
+                : t("debugPaused")}
         </span>
       </div>
 
       <div className="model-usage-metrics">
         <Metric
-          label="总 Tokens"
+          label={t("usageTotalTokens")}
           value={formatTokens(report?.summary.total_tokens)}
         />
         <Metric
@@ -114,26 +117,26 @@ export function ModelUsageView({ live, refreshToken }: ModelUsageViewProps) {
           value={formatTokens(report?.summary.avg_completion_tokens)}
         />
         <Metric
-          label="请求数"
+          label={t("usageRequests")}
           value={String(report?.summary.request_count ?? 0)}
         />
       </div>
 
       <section
         className="model-usage-chart-card"
-        aria-label="各 Prompt 每分钟 Token 曲线"
+        aria-label={t("usageChartRegion")}
       >
         <div className="model-usage-section-title">
-          <strong>各 Prompt 花费曲线</strong>
-          <span>每分钟 · Total Tokens</span>
+          <strong>{t("usageChartTitle")}</strong>
+          <span>{t("usageChartSubtitle")}</span>
         </div>
         <UsageChart rows={report?.by_minute ?? []} />
       </section>
 
       <section className="model-usage-stage-card">
         <div className="model-usage-section-title">
-          <strong>Prompt 明细</strong>
-          <span>当前时间范围</span>
+          <strong>{t("usageBreakdown")}</strong>
+          <span>{t("usageCurrentRange")}</span>
         </div>
         <div className="model-usage-stage-list">
           {stages.length ? (
@@ -141,14 +144,14 @@ export function ModelUsageView({ live, refreshToken }: ModelUsageViewProps) {
               <div className="model-usage-stage-row" key={stage.name}>
                 <i style={{ background: stageColor(stage.name) }} />
                 <strong>{stageLabel(stage.name)}</strong>
-                <span>{stage.requests} 次</span>
+                <span>{tnPlain("usageRequestCount", stage.requests)}</span>
                 <span>Prompt {formatTokens(stage.prompt)}</span>
                 <span>Completion {formatTokens(stage.completion)}</span>
                 <b>{formatTokens(stage.total)}</b>
               </div>
             ))
           ) : (
-            <p className="debug-log-empty">这个时间范围内没有沉淀模型调用</p>
+            <p className="debug-log-empty">{t("usageEmpty")}</p>
           )}
         </div>
       </section>
@@ -166,6 +169,7 @@ function Metric({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string }) {
 }
 
 function UsageChart({ rows }: { rows: ModelUsageMinute[] }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const minutes = [...new Set(rows.map((row) => row.minute))].sort();
   const stages = [...new Set(rows.map((row) => row.prompt_stage))].sort();
   const width = 640;
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ function UsageChart({ rows }: { rows: ModelUsageMinute[] }) {
     pad.top + plotHeight - (value / max) * plotHeight;
 
   if (!rows.length)
-    return <div className="model-usage-chart-empty">暂无曲线数据</div>;
+    return <div className="model-usage-chart-empty">{t("usageNoChart")}</div>;
 
   return (
     <>
@@ -197,7 +201,7 @@ function UsageChart({ rows }: { rows: ModelUsageMinute[] }) {
         className="model-usage-chart"
         viewBox={`0 0 ${width} ${height}`}
         role="img"
-        aria-label="按分钟显示各 Prompt 的 Token 花费"
+        aria-label={t("usageChartAria")}
       >
         {[0, 0.5, 1].map((ratio) => (
           <g key={ratio}>

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingFlow.language.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import type { ImportJob, SourceResponse } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import {
+  act,
+  cleanup,
+  fireEvent,
+  render,
+  screen,
+  waitFor,
+} from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { completeOnboarding } from "./api";
+import { FirstImportReview } from "./FirstImportReview";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
+import { OnboardingFlow } from "./OnboardingFlow";
+import { OnboardingModelController } from "./OnboardingModelController";
+import { R6ImportProgress } from "./R6ImportProgress";
+import type { ImportSourcesController } from "./use-import-sources";
+
+vi.mock("./api", () => ({
+  completeOnboarding: vi.fn(),
+  getModelProfiles: vi.fn(),
+}));
+const models = {
+  pendingProbe: false,
+  probeStorageFailed: false,
+  pendingCreation: false,
+  creationStorageFailed: false,
+  error: null,
+  create: vi.fn(),
+  update: vi.fn(),
+  probeProfile: vi.fn(),
+  activate: vi.fn(),
+};
+vi.mock("./use-model-profiles", () => ({ useModelProfiles: () => models }));
+const source: SourceResponse = {
+  source_id: "cursor",
+  display_name: "Cursor",
+  available: true,
+  authorized: false,
+  detected: false,
+  storage_kinds: ["jsonl"],
+  root_label: null,
+  candidate_path: "/fixture/cursor",
+  candidate_kind: "default",
+  candidate_root_id: "fixture-root",
+  location_state: "found",
+  imported_messages: 0,
+  imported_conversations: 0,
+  sync_enabled: false,
+  sync_completeness: "additions_only",
+  capabilities: {
+    historical_import: "implemented",
+    incremental_import: "implemented",
+    live_sync: "not_implemented",
+    recall: "not_implemented",
+    installer: "not_implemented",
+    verification: "fixture_only",
+  },
+};
+function controller(overrides: Partial<SourceResponse> = {}) {
+  const sources = [{ ...source, ...overrides }];
+  return {
+    sources,
+    jobs: [],
+    loading: false,
+    refresh: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ sources, jobs: [], health: null }),
+    connectForOnboarding: vi.fn(),
+    detect: vi.fn(),
+  } as unknown as ImportSourcesController;
+}
+function SwitchLanguage() {
+  const { setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("zh-CN")}>
+      中文
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+const state = {
+  status: "not_started" as const,
+  selected_source_ids: [],
+  started_at: null,
+  completed_at: null,
+};
+beforeEach(() => {
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  vi.clearAllMocks();
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+});
+
+it("changes the first-screen language without losing source choices or starting an import", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  const imports = controller();
+  const finish = vi.fn();
+  const user = userEvent.setup();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <OnboardingFlow state={state} imports={imports} onFinish={finish} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: "界面语言" });
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("导入 Cursor 历史")).toHaveProperty(
+      "checked",
+      true,
+    ),
+  );
+  await user.click(screen.getByLabelText("导入 Cursor 历史"));
+  await user.selectOptions(selector, "es");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: "Idioma de la interfaz" })).toBe(
+    selector,
+  );
+  expect(
+    screen.getByLabelText("Importar el historial de Cursor"),
+  ).toHaveProperty("checked", false);
+  await user.click(screen.getByLabelText("Importar el historial de Cursor"));
+  await user.selectOptions(selector, "zh-CN");
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("导入 Cursor 历史")).toHaveProperty(
+    "checked",
+    true,
+  );
+  expect(imports.refresh).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  expect(imports.connectForOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(imports.detect).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(completeOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(finish).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+
+it("translates discovery, progress and privacy without importing or authorizing on language changes", async () => {
+  const imports = controller();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <OnboardingFlow state={state} imports={imports} onFinish={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", {
+      name: "Trae aquí el contexto que ya tienes",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(
+      screen.getByLabelText<HTMLInputElement>("Importar el historial de Cursor")
+        .checked,
+    ).toBe(true),
+  );
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("navigation", {
+      name: "Progreso de la configuración inicial",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByText(
+      "Antes de confirmar, solo se comprueba la información de las aplicaciones. No se leen conversaciones ni se instalan conexiones.",
+    ),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByText("/fixture/cursor · Ubicación predeterminada"),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("中文"));
+  await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "把熟悉的背景，带到这里" });
+  expect(
+    screen.getByLabelText<HTMLInputElement>("导入 Cursor 历史").checked,
+  ).toBe(true);
+  expect(imports.refresh).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  expect(imports.connectForOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(imports.detect).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("translates stored discovery errors live without repeating discovery", async () => {
+  const imports = controller();
+  vi.mocked(imports.refresh).mockRejectedValue(new Error("fixture-offline"));
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <OnboardingFlow state={state} imports={imports} onFinish={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toContain(
+      "No se completó la detección",
+    ),
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("中文"));
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toContain("位置检测未完成"),
+  );
+  expect(imports.refresh).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+});
+it("translates custom-location consent without granting access", async () => {
+  const imports = controller({ candidate_kind: "environment_override" });
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <OnboardingFlow state={state} imports={imports} onFinish={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(
+      screen.getByLabelText("Importar el historial de Cursor"),
+    ).toHaveProperty("disabled", false),
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("Importar el historial de Cursor"));
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("dialog", { name: "Confirmar ubicación personalizada" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByLabelText(
+      "Confirmo que esta es la ubicación del historial de Cursor",
+    ),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Cancelar" }));
+  expect(imports.connectForOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("translates import review and preserves independent permission disclosure", async () => {
+  const change = vi.fn();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <FirstImportReview
+        sources={[{ ...source, authorized: true }]}
+        sourceIds={[source.source_id]}
+        jobs={[]}
+        onContinue={change}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", {
+      name: "Tus conversaciones llegan; tus memorias empiezan aquí",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByText(
+      "Importar no concede automáticamente acceso de lectura a las aplicaciones. Las memorias comenzarán a generarse cuando configures un modelo.",
+    ),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("region", {
+      name: "Progreso de importación de las aplicaciones",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(change).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("uses compact Spanish actions and preserves Chinese copy and permissions", async () => {
+  const next = vi.fn();
+  const draft = vi.fn();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <FirstImportReview
+        sources={[{ ...source, authorized: true }]}
+        sourceIds={[source.source_id]}
+        jobs={[]}
+        connectionDraft={{ hostSourceIds: [] }}
+        onConnectionDraftChange={draft}
+        onContinue={next}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const navigation = screen.getByRole("navigation");
+  expect(navigation.textContent).toContain("Conectar apps");
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", {
+      name: "Configurar un modelo para crear memorias",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/Importar no concede automáticamente/)).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByText(/Solo para las apps seleccionadas y compatibles/),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/Si una falla, las demás siguen/)).toBeTruthy();
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("中文"));
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "配置模型，沉淀记忆" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(navigation.textContent).toContain("连接应用");
+  expect(screen.getByText(/不会自动开放应用读取权限/)).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(next).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(draft).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it.each([
+  ["pending", "Importando"],
+  ["running", "Importando"],
+  ["paused", "En pausa"],
+  ["interrupted", "Interrumpida"],
+  ["failed", "Problema de importación"],
+  ["cancelled", "Cancelada"],
+  ["completed", "Importación completada"],
+] as const)(
+  "translates %s progress receipts without changing counts",
+  async (status, label) => {
+    const job = {
+      job_id: "fixture-job",
+      source_id: "cursor",
+      status,
+      stored: 17,
+      errors: 2,
+      created_at: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+      updated_at: "2026-01-01T00:01:00Z",
+    } as ImportJob;
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <R6ImportProgress
+          sourceIds={["cursor"]}
+          sources={[{ ...source, authorized: true }]}
+          jobs={[job]}
+        />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    expect(
+      await screen.findByRole("article", {
+        name: "Progreso de importación de Cursor",
+      }),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText("Mensajes guardados: 17")).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("status").textContent).toBe(
+      `${label} · Errores de lectura: 2`,
+    );
+  },
+);
+it.each(["es", "zh-CN"] as const)(
+  "preserves three multiline progress cards and receipt statuses in %s",
+  (locale) => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+    const sources = ["cursor", "claude-code", "codex"].map((id, i) => ({
+      ...source,
+      source_id: id,
+      display_name: `${locale === "es" ? "Aplicación con nombre largo" : "名称较长的应用"} ${i + 1}`,
+      authorized: true,
+    }));
+    const jobs = sources.map((item, i) => ({
+      job_id: `fixture-${i}`,
+      source_id: item.source_id,
+      status: ["completed", "failed", "paused"][i],
+      stored: 12345,
+      errors: i,
+      created_at: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+      updated_at: "2026-01-01T00:01:00Z",
+    })) as ImportJob[];
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <R6ImportProgress
+          sourceIds={sources.map((item) => item.source_id)}
+          sources={sources}
+          jobs={jobs}
+        />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    expect(screen.getAllByRole("article")).toHaveLength(3);
+    const statuses = screen
+      .getAllByRole("status")
+      .map((item) => item.textContent);
+    expect(statuses).toEqual(
+      locale === "es"
+        ? [
+            "Importación completada",
+            "Problema de importación · Errores de lectura: 1",
+            "En pausa · Errores de lectura: 2",
+          ]
+        : ["导入完成", "导入遇到问题 · 1 条读取异常", "已暂停 · 2 条读取异常"],
+    );
+  },
+);
+it("translates completion recovery live without repeating completion writes", async () => {
+  vi.mocked(completeOnboarding).mockRejectedValueOnce(
+    new Error("fixture-offline"),
+  );
+  const imports = controller();
+  const finish = vi.fn();
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <OnboardingFlow state={state} imports={imports} onFinish={finish} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(
+      screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Entrar y añadir más tarde" }),
+    ).toHaveProperty("disabled", false),
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Entrar y añadir más tarde" }),
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Reintentar guardar y entrar" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toContain(
+    "aún no está confirmada",
+  );
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("中文"));
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "重试保存并进入" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(completeOnboarding).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  expect(finish).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("translates model configuration, validation and advanced fields without activating permissions", async () => {
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SwitchLanguage />
+      <OnboardingModelController sourceNames={["Cursor"]} onBack={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", {
+      name: "Elige un modelo para crear memorias",
+    }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Probar conexión" }));
+  expect(await screen.findByText("Introduce una API Key.")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("Tiempo de espera (segundos)")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(models.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(models.activate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  await act(async () => fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("中文")));
+  expect(screen.getByText("请填写 API Key。")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("超时（秒）")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+
+it.each([
+  [
+    "completed",
+    null,
+    "Mensajes examinados: 5; no hay conversaciones para guardar",
+    "已扫描 5 条，本次没有可保存的对话",
+  ],
+  [
+    "completed",
+    "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+    "Mensajes examinados: 5; no hay conversaciones dentro del periodo elegido",
+    "已扫描 5 条，本次没有符合时间范围的对话",
+  ],
+  [
+    "running",
+    "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+    "Mensajes examinados: 5; filtrando los últimos 3 días",
+    "已扫描 5 条，正在筛选最近 3 天",
+  ],
+  [
+    "running",
+    null,
+    "Mensajes examinados: 5; filtrando",
+    "已扫描 5 条，正在筛选",
+  ],
+  [
+    "paused",
+    null,
+    "Mensajes examinados: 5; aún sin guardar",
+    "已扫描 5 条，尚未保存",
+  ],
+] as const)(
+  "words a %s scan with history_after=%s in both languages",
+  async (status, historyAfter, spanish, chinese) => {
+    const job = {
+      job_id: "fixture-job",
+      source_id: "cursor",
+      status,
+      stored: 0,
+      discovered: 5,
+      errors: 0,
+      history_after: historyAfter,
+      created_at: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+      updated_at: "2026-01-01T00:01:00Z",
+    } as unknown as ImportJob;
+    for (const [locale, expected] of [
+      ["es", spanish],
+      ["zh-CN", chinese],
+    ] as const) {
+      localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+      const view = render(
+        <LanguageProvider>
+          <R6ImportProgress
+            sourceIds={["cursor"]}
+            sources={[{ ...source, authorized: true }]}
+            jobs={[job]}
+          />
+        </LanguageProvider>,
+      );
+      expect(await screen.findByText(expected)).toBeTruthy();
+      view.unmount();
+    }
+  },
+);

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingFlow.multisource-recovery.test.tsx

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ it("keeps the single-source submit frozen when another source arrives during fin
 
 it("empty discovery shows zero and allows explicit entry without a connection request", async () => {
   await ready();
-  expect(count()).toBe("0");
+  await waitFor(() => expect(count()).toBe("0"));
   expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "开始导入" })).toHaveProperty(
     "disabled",
     true,

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingFlow.tsx

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
   hostWriteReason,
 } from "./host-state";
 import { OnboardingModelController } from "./OnboardingModelController";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { R6ColdStartFrame } from "./R6ColdStartFrame";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
   imports: ImportSourcesController;
   onFinish(destination: OnboardingDestination): void;
 }) {
+  const { text, t } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const [sources, setSources] = useState(imports.sources);
   const sourceGeneration = useRef({ value: imports.sources, epoch: 0 });
   if (sourceGeneration.current.value !== imports.sources) {
@@ -99,7 +101,21 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
     "idle" | "applying" | "applied" | "partial" | "failed"
   >("idle");
   const [applyTick, setApplyTick] = useState(0);
-  const [connectionNote, setConnectionNote] = useState("");
+  const [connectionNote, setConnectionNote] = useState<
+    string | { success: number; failures: [string, string | null][] }
+  >("");
+  const renderedConnectionNote =
+    typeof connectionNote === "string"
+      ? text(connectionNote)
+      : t("onboardingConnectionPartial", {
+          success: connectionNote.success,
+          failed: connectionNote.failures.length,
+          names: connectionNote.failures
+            .map(([name, reason]) =>
+              reason ? `${name}（${text(reason)}）` : name,
+            )
+            .join("、"),
+        });
   const flight = useRef(false);
   const connectionAttempt = useRef<string | null>(null);
   const connectionQueue = useRef(Promise.resolve());
@@ -244,12 +260,10 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
         }
         if (failed.size && alive.current) {
           connectionQueueFailed.current = true;
-          const names = [...failed].map(([name, reason]) =>
-            reason ? `${name}（${reason}）` : name,
-          );
-          setConnectionNote(
-            `${apps.size - failed.size} 个应用已接入，${failed.size} 个未完成：${names.join("、")}。可进入应用后单独处理。`,
-          );
+          setConnectionNote({
+            success: apps.size - failed.size,
+            failures: [...failed],
+          });
         }
         try {
           await refreshImports();
@@ -637,7 +651,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
             }}
             connectionExecutionAvailable={connectionAvailable}
             hostConnectionAvailable={hostConnectionAvailable}
-            connectionNote={connectionNote}
+            connectionNote={renderedConnectionNote}
             acceptedJobIds={accepted?.jobs.map((job) => job.job_id)}
             onChangeJob={imports.changeJob}
             sourceIds={sourceIds}
@@ -646,7 +660,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
             failedSources={accepted?.failed_sources}
             sourceSnapshot={imports.sourceSnapshot}
             busy={busy === "leaving"}
-            error={error}
+            error={error && text(error)}
             onContinue={(destination) => {
               if (busy === "leaving") return;
               const selection = {
@@ -710,8 +724,8 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
     return (
       <R6ColdStartFrame
         step={1}
-        title="把熟悉的背景，带到这里"
-        eyebrow="你的记忆，从这里接上"
+        title={text("把熟悉的背景，带到这里")}
+        eyebrow={text("你的记忆，从这里接上")}
         footer={
           <>
             <R6Button
@@ -719,20 +733,22 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
               disabled={busy !== null}
               onClick={() => finishOnce(exitDestination)}
             >
-              {exitDestination === "sources" ? "仍进入应用页" : "仍进入工作台"}
+              {text(
+                exitDestination === "sources" ? "仍进入应用页" : "仍进入工作台",
+              )}
             </R6Button>
             <R6Button
               variant="primary"
               disabled={busy !== null}
               onClick={() => void leave(exitDestination)}
             >
-              重试保存并进入
+              {text("重试保存并进入")}
             </R6Button>
           </>
         }
       >
         <p className="onboarding-r6-error" role="alert">
-          {error}
+          {error && text(error)}
         </p>
       </R6ColdStartFrame>
     );
@@ -740,8 +756,8 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
   return (
     <R6ColdStartFrame
       step={1}
-      title="把熟悉的背景，带到这里"
-      eyebrow="你的记忆，从这里接上"
+      title={text("把熟悉的背景，带到这里")}
+      eyebrow={text("你的记忆，从这里接上")}
       footer={
         <>
           <R6Button
@@ -749,11 +765,11 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
             disabled={locked}
             onClick={() => void leave("sources")}
           >
-            稍后添加，先进入
+            {text("稍后添加，先进入")}
           </R6Button>
           {error && (
             <p className="onboarding-r6-error" role="alert">
-              {error}
+              {error && text(error)}
             </p>
           )}
           <R6Button
@@ -762,7 +778,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
             disabled={locked || count === 0}
             onClick={() => void startImport()}
           >
-            {busy === "submitting" ? "正在开始导入…" : "开始导入"}
+            {text(busy === "submitting" ? "正在开始导入…" : "开始导入")}
           </R6Button>
         </>
       }
@@ -773,33 +789,35 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
           aria-labelledby="cold-start-phase"
         >
           <div className="onboarding-r6-intro">
-            <p>不用从头介绍自己。从常用的 App 开始，把已有背景带过来。</p>
-            <p>确认前只检查应用信息，不读取对话，也不安装连接。</p>
+            <p>
+              {text("不用从头介绍自己。从常用的 App 开始，把已有背景带过来。")}
+            </p>
+            <p>{text("确认前只检查应用信息，不读取对话，也不安装连接。")}</p>
           </div>
           <div className="onboarding-r6-list-heading">
             <h2 id="cold-start-phase" ref={heading} tabIndex={-1}>
-              本机 AI 应用
+              {text("本机 AI 应用")}
             </h2>
             <button
               type="button"
               className="onboarding-r6-quiet"
-              aria-label="重新检测位置"
+              aria-label={text("重新检测位置")}
               disabled={locked}
               onClick={() => void checkLocations()}
             >
-              {busy === "checking" ? "检测中…" : "重新检测"}
+              {text(busy === "checking" ? "检测中…" : "重新检测")}
             </button>
           </div>
           <SourceList
             className="onboarding-r6-list"
-            aria-label="候选应用"
+            aria-label={text("候选应用")}
             aria-busy={busy === "checking"}
             count={visibleApps.length}
             status={
               locationCheck === "checking"
-                ? "正在检测其他应用…"
+                ? text("正在检测其他应用…")
                 : locationCheck === "failed"
-                  ? "检测未完成"
+                  ? text("检测未完成")
                   : undefined
             }
             selection={
@@ -809,7 +827,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                 disabled={locked || allSelected || readableApps.length === 0}
                 onClick={selectAllSources}
               >
-                {allSelected ? "已全选" : "全选"}
+                {text(allSelected ? "已全选" : "全选")}
               </button>
             }
           >
@@ -818,7 +836,9 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                 <label>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
-                    aria-label={`导入 ${visibleApps[0].display_name} 历史`}
+                    aria-label={t("onboardingImportHistory", {
+                      name: visibleApps[0].display_name,
+                    })}
                     checked
                     disabled
                     readOnly
@@ -826,11 +846,11 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                   <R6SourceIcon id={visibleApps[0].source_id} />
                   <span className="onboarding-r6-row-info">
                     <strong>{visibleApps[0].display_name}</strong>
-                    <small>正在核对本机保存位置</small>
+                    <small>{text("正在核对本机保存位置")}</small>
                   </span>
                   <span className="onboarding-r6-badge" data-found="true">
                     <i aria-hidden="true" />
-                    已发现
+                    {text("已发现")}
                   </span>
                 </label>
               </li>
@@ -842,6 +862,7 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                 );
                 const note =
                   locationCheck === "ready" ? locationNote(item) : null;
+                const translatedNote = note ? text(note) : null;
                 return (
                   <li
                     className={`onboarding-r6-row${checked ? " is-selected" : ""}`}
@@ -853,7 +874,9 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                     <label>
                       <input
                         type="checkbox"
-                        aria-label={`导入 ${item.display_name} 历史`}
+                        aria-label={t("onboardingImportHistory", {
+                          name: item.display_name,
+                        })}
                         checked={checked}
                         disabled={
                           locked || locationCheck !== "ready" || !canRead(item)
@@ -865,13 +888,13 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                       <R6SourceIcon id={item.source_id} />
                       <span className="onboarding-r6-row-info">
                         <strong>{item.display_name}</strong>
-                        <small title={note ?? item.candidate_path}>
-                          {item.candidate_path || "位置待核对"} ·{" "}
-                          {pathKind(item)}
+                        <small title={translatedNote ?? item.candidate_path}>
+                          {item.candidate_path || text("位置待核对")} ·{" "}
+                          {text(pathKind(item))}
                         </small>
                         {itemErrors[item.source_id] && (
                           <small className="onboarding-r6-error">
-                            {failureLabel(itemErrors[item.source_id])}
+                            {failureLabel(itemErrors[item.source_id], text, t)}
                           </small>
                         )}
                       </span>
@@ -881,10 +904,10 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
                           locationCheck === "ready" &&
                           item.location_state === "found"
                         }
-                        title={note ?? undefined}
+                        title={translatedNote ?? undefined}
                       >
                         <i aria-hidden="true" />
-                        {locationLabel(item, locationCheck)}
+                        {text(locationLabel(item, locationCheck))}
                       </span>
                     </label>
                   </li>
@@ -907,28 +930,30 @@ export function OnboardingFlow({
             {!visibleApps.length && busy !== "checking" && (
               <li className="onboarding-r6-empty">
                 {locationCheck === "ready"
-                  ? "当前没有候选来源。可以稍后在应用页添加历史包。"
-                  : "候选来源尚未加载。可以检测位置，或先进入工作台。"}
+                  ? text("当前没有候选来源。可以稍后在应用页添加历史包。")
+                  : text("候选来源尚未加载。可以检测位置，或先进入工作台。")}
               </li>
             )}
           </SourceList>
         </section>
-        <aside className="onboarding-r6-summary" aria-label="本次导入">
-          <p>本次导入</p>
+        <aside className="onboarding-r6-summary" aria-label={text("本次导入")}>
+          <p>{text("本次导入")}</p>
           <p
             className="onboarding-r6-count"
             aria-live="polite"
             data-unknown={locationCheck !== "ready"}
           >
-            {summaryCount}
+            {text(summaryCount)}
           </p>
-          <p>个 App 的历史对话</p>
+          <p>{text("个 App 的历史对话")}</p>
           <h2>
-            把零散的会话，
+            {text("把零散的会话，")}
             <br />
-            汇成完整的记忆
+            {text("汇成完整的记忆")}
           </h2>
-          <p className="onboarding-r6-signoff">少一些重复交代，多一些理解。</p>
+          <p className="onboarding-r6-signoff">
+            {text("少一些重复交代，多一些理解。")}
+          </p>
         </aside>
       </div>
       {custom && (
@@ -966,6 +991,7 @@ function SourceList({
   status?: string;
   selection: ReactNode;
 }) {
+  const { t, tnPlain } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const list = useRef<HTMLUListElement>(null);
   const [more, setMore] = useState(0);
   const measure = useCallback(() => {
@@ -1014,9 +1040,9 @@ function SourceList({
         <span data-scroll-hint={!status && more > 0 ? "true" : "false"}>
           {status ??
             (more > 0
-              ? `向下查看更多 · 还有 ${more} 个应用`
+              ? tnPlain("onboardingMoreApps", more)
               : count > 3
-                ? `已显示全部 ${count} 个应用`
+                ? t("onboardingAllApps", { count })
                 : "")}
         </span>
         {selection}
@@ -1114,7 +1140,11 @@ function locationNote(source: SourceResponse) {
   return null;
 }
 
-function failureLabel(reason: string) {
+function failureLabel(
+  reason: string,
+  text: (value: string) => string,
+  t: ReturnType<typeof useOnboardingTranslation>["t"],
+) {
   const labels: Record<string, string> = {
     source_unavailable: "来源目录暂时不可读取，请核对位置和权限。",
     source_not_available: "来源目录暂时不可读取，请核对位置和权限。",
@@ -1124,7 +1154,9 @@ function failureLabel(reason: string) {
     environment_override_confirmation_required: "自定义来源位置需要重新确认。",
     imports_disabled: "当前 Core 未启用历史导入。",
   };
-  return labels[reason] ?? `尚未获准导入（${reason}）。请核对来源后重试。`;
+  return labels[reason]
+    ? text(labels[reason])
+    : t("onboardingImportRefused", { reason });
 }
 
 // S1.3 supplied app marks; WorkBuddy keeps the source geometry with flat fills.
@@ -1149,6 +1181,7 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
   onCancel(): void;
   onConfirm(): void;
 }) {
+  const { text, t } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const [confirmed, setConfirmed] = useState(false);
   const panel = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   useLayoutEffect(() => {
@@ -1233,12 +1266,12 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
         tabIndex={-1}
       >
         <header>
-          <h2 id="cold-start-custom-title">确认自定义位置</h2>
+          <h2 id="cold-start-custom-title">{text("确认自定义位置")}</h2>
           <button
             type="button"
             className="cold-start-icon-button"
-            aria-label="关闭位置确认"
-            title="关闭位置确认"
+            aria-label={text("关闭位置确认")}
+            title={text("关闭位置确认")}
             onClick={onCancel}
           >
             <X size={18} aria-hidden="true" />
@@ -1246,7 +1279,9 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
         </header>
         <div className="cold-start-dialog-body">
           <p id="cold-start-custom-description">
-            此位置来自当前配置，并非应用默认目录。确认位置不会开始读取历史。
+            {text(
+              "此位置来自当前配置，并非应用默认目录。确认位置不会开始读取历史。",
+            )}
           </p>
           <strong>{source.display_name}</strong>
           <code>{source.candidate_path}</code>
@@ -1256,7 +1291,9 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
               checked={confirmed}
               onChange={(event) => setConfirmed(event.target.checked)}
             />
-            <span>确认这是 {source.display_name} 的历史位置</span>
+            <span>
+              {t("onboardingConfirmHistory", { name: source.display_name })}
+            </span>
           </label>
         </div>
         <footer>
@@ -1265,7 +1302,7 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
             className="cold-start-secondary"
             onClick={onCancel}
           >
-            取消
+            {text("取消")}
           </button>
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -1275,7 +1312,7 @@ function CustomLocationDialog({
             }}
           >
             <Check size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-            确认此位置
+            {text("确认此位置")}
           </button>
         </footer>
       </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingModelController.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   type OnboardingModelDraft,
   OnboardingModelStep,
 } from "./OnboardingModelStep";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { PROVIDER_PRESETS } from "./provider-presets";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
 import { useModelProfiles } from "./use-model-profiles";
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ export function OnboardingModelController({
   onEnabled?(): void;
   connectionAlreadyApplied?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { text, t } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const models = useModelProfiles();
   const [draft, setDraft] = useState(initial);
   const [advanced, setAdvanced] = useState(false);
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ export function OnboardingModelController({
         value < min ||
         value > max
       )
-        next[key] = `请输入 ${min} 至 ${max} 的整数。`;
+        next[key] = "onboardingIntegerRange";
       return value;
     };
     const timeout = integer("timeout_seconds", 1, 600);
@@ -269,8 +271,22 @@ export function OnboardingModelController({
       canTest={!models.pendingProbe && !models.probeStorageFailed}
       canSaveDraft={!models.pendingCreation && !models.creationStorageFailed}
       inputsLocked={flight.current}
-      fieldErrors={fields}
-      error={error ?? models.error}
+      fieldErrors={Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(fields).map(([key, value]) => [
+          key,
+          value === "onboardingIntegerRange"
+            ? t(
+                "onboardingIntegerRange",
+                key === "timeout_seconds"
+                  ? { min: 1, max: 600 }
+                  : key === "max_concurrency"
+                    ? { min: 1, max: 32 }
+                    : { min: 1024, max: 10_000_000 },
+              )
+            : text(value),
+        ]),
+      )}
+      error={error ?? (models.error ? text(models.error) : null)}
       probe={probe}
       profile={
         saved

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingModelStep.test.tsx

@@ -9,12 +9,93 @@ import {
   within,
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import {
   OnboardingModelStep,
   type OnboardingModelStepProps,
 } from "./OnboardingModelStep";
 
-afterEach(cleanup);
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it.each(["es", "zh-CN"] as const)(
+  "keeps %s footer actions, pending locks and permission boundaries",
+  async (locale) => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+    const p = props();
+    p.onSkip = vi.fn();
+    let finish!: () => void;
+    p.onTest = vi.fn(
+      () =>
+        new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+          finish = resolve;
+        }),
+    );
+    const labels =
+      locale === "es"
+        ? [
+            "Omitir por ahora",
+            "Probar conexión",
+            "Confirmar y habilitar",
+            "Probando el modelo…",
+          ]
+        : ["跳过，先进入应用", "测试模型连通性", "确认启用", "正在测试模型…"];
+    const draw = (probe?: OnboardingModelStepProps["probe"]) => (
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <OnboardingModelStep
+          {...p}
+          capability={{ saveAndEnable: true }}
+          probe={probe}
+          advancedOpen
+        />
+      </LanguageProvider>
+    );
+    const view = render(draw());
+    const skip = screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[0] });
+    if (locale === "es") {
+      expect(
+        document.getElementById(skip.getAttribute("aria-describedby") ?? "")
+          ?.textContent,
+      ).toContain("Aplicaciones");
+    }
+    fireEvent.click(skip);
+    expect(p.onSkip).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(p.onBack).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[2] })).toHaveProperty(
+      "disabled",
+      true,
+    );
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[1] }));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[3] })).toHaveProperty(
+      "disabled",
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(skip).toHaveProperty("disabled", true);
+    expect(p.onSaveAndEnable).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await act(async () => finish());
+    view.rerender(draw({ state: "failed", message: "synthetic failure" }));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[2] })).toHaveProperty(
+      "disabled",
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("API Key")).toHaveProperty("value", "secret");
+    expect(p.onDraftChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    view.rerender(draw({ state: "passed", message: "synthetic success" }));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: labels[2] }));
+    await act(async () => {});
+    expect(p.onSaveAndEnable).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(p.onSaveDraft).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(
+      screen.getByText(
+        locale === "es"
+          ? /La prueba de conexión solo envía/
+          : /测试连接只发送测试内容/,
+      ),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
+  },
+);
 function props(): OnboardingModelStepProps {
   return {
     draft: {

memhub/apps/web/src/OnboardingModelStep.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { ProviderKind } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { ChevronDown, ChevronUp } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useId, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { OptionMenu } from "./OptionMenu";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { R6ColdStartFrame } from "./R6ColdStartFrame";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 import "./onboarding-model-r6.css";
@@ -71,8 +72,13 @@ export interface OnboardingModelStepProps {
 }
 
 export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
+  const { text, t, locale } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const { draft, advancedOpen, onDraftChange, fieldErrors = {}, phase } = props;
   const id = useId();
+  // The Chinese label already names the destination; shorter translated labels
+  // need it as a description for assistive technology.
+  const skipDestination =
+    locale === "zh-CN" ? "" : t("onboardingModelSkipDestination");
   const fields = useRef<HTMLElement>(null);
   const advancedToggle = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
   const restoreToggleFocus = useRef(false);
@@ -113,7 +119,10 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
   const sourceSummary =
     props.sourceNames.length <= 3
       ? props.sourceNames.join(" · ")
-      : `${props.sourceNames.slice(0, 3).join(" · ")} 等 ${props.sourceNames.length} 个应用`;
+      : t("onboardingSourcesSummary", {
+          names: props.sourceNames.slice(0, 3).join(" · "),
+          count: props.sourceNames.length,
+        });
   async function run(action: Action) {
     if (flight.current || locked) return;
     if (action === "save-and-enable" && !canEnable) return;
@@ -153,11 +162,11 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
     const error = fieldErrors[key];
     return (
       <label className="onboarding-model-field" htmlFor={`${id}-${key}`}>
-        <span>{label}</span>
+        <span>{text(label)}</span>
         <input
           id={`${id}-${key}`}
           name={key}
-          aria-label={label}
+          aria-label={text(label)}
           type={options.type ?? "text"}
           autoComplete="off"
           spellCheck={false}
@@ -169,7 +178,9 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
           max={options.max}
           maxLength={options.maxLength}
           required={options.required}
-          placeholder={options.placeholder}
+          placeholder={
+            options.placeholder ? text(options.placeholder) : undefined
+          }
           onChange={(event) => {
             if (!flight.current && !fieldsLocked)
               onDraftChange({ [key]: event.target.value });
@@ -177,7 +188,7 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
         />
         {error && (
           <small id={`${id}-${key}-error`} className="onboarding-model-error">
-            {error}
+            {text(error)}
           </small>
         )}
       </label>
@@ -215,43 +226,57 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
     >
       <R6ColdStartFrame
         step={3}
-        eyebrow="沉淀记忆 · 使用你选择的模型"
-        title={pageTitle}
+        eyebrow={text("沉淀记忆 · 使用你选择的模型")}
+        title={text(pageTitle)}
         footer={
           <>
             <p className="onboarding-model-footer-note">
-              {!props.capability.saveAndEnable
-                ? "当前无法启用模型，已填写内容保留。"
-                : props.probe?.state === "passed"
-                  ? "模型连接测试通过，可以启用并开始沉淀记忆。"
-                  : "先测试模型连通性；测试通过后再启用。"}
+              {text(
+                !props.capability.saveAndEnable
+                  ? "当前无法启用模型，已填写内容保留。"
+                  : props.probe?.state === "passed"
+                    ? "模型连接测试通过，可以启用并开始沉淀记忆。"
+                    : "先测试模型连通性；测试通过后再启用。",
+              )}
             </p>
             <div className="onboarding-model-footer-actions">
+              {skipDestination && (
+                <span id={`${id}-skip-destination`} hidden>
+                  {skipDestination}
+                </span>
+              )}
               <R6Button
+                aria-describedby={
+                  skipDestination ? `${id}-skip-destination` : undefined
+                }
                 disabled={locked}
                 onClick={() => {
                   if (!flight.current && !locked)
                     (props.onSkip ?? props.onBack)();
                 }}
               >
-                跳过，先进入应用
+                {text("跳过，先进入应用")}
               </R6Button>
               <R6Button
                 disabled={locked || !props.canTest}
                 onClick={() => void run("test")}
               >
-                {displayedPhase === "testing"
-                  ? "正在测试模型…"
-                  : (props.testActionLabel ?? "测试模型连通性")}
+                {text(
+                  displayedPhase === "testing"
+                    ? "正在测试模型…"
+                    : (props.testActionLabel ?? "测试模型连通性"),
+                )}
               </R6Button>
               <R6Button
                 variant="primary"
                 disabled={locked || !canEnable}
                 onClick={() => void run("save-and-enable")}
               >
-                {displayedPhase === "enabling"
-                  ? "正在启用…"
-                  : (props.enableActionLabel ?? "确认启用")}
+                {text(
+                  displayedPhase === "enabling"
+                    ? "正在启用…"
+                    : (props.enableActionLabel ?? "确认启用"),
+                )}
               </R6Button>
             </div>
           </>
@@ -260,27 +285,29 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
         <div className="onboarding-model-layout">
           <section
             className="onboarding-model-form"
-            aria-label="模型配置"
+            aria-label={text("模型配置")}
             data-advanced={advancedOpen}
           >
             <section
               ref={fields}
               id={`${id}-fields`}
               className="onboarding-model-fields"
-              aria-label="模型参数"
+              aria-label={text("模型参数")}
               // biome-ignore lint/a11y/noNoninteractiveTabindex: The parameter pane needs keyboard scrolling.
               tabIndex={0}
             >
               {!advancedOpen ? (
                 <>
                   <p className="onboarding-model-intro">
-                    选择服务商，填入 API Key。核对已有配置后再继续。
+                    {text("选择服务商，填入 API Key。核对已有配置后再继续。")}
                   </p>
                   <label
                     className="onboarding-model-field onboarding-model-provider"
                     htmlFor={`${id}-provider`}
                   >
-                    <span id={`${id}-provider-label`}>模型服务商</span>
+                    <span id={`${id}-provider-label`}>
+                      {text("模型服务商")}
+                    </span>
                     <OptionMenu
                       id={`${id}-provider`}
                       labelledBy={`${id}-provider-label`}
@@ -288,11 +315,11 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                       disabled={fieldsLocked}
                       options={[
                         ...(!provider
-                          ? [{ value: "", label: "选择服务商" }]
+                          ? [{ value: "", label: text("选择服务商") }]
                           : []),
                         ...props.providers.map((item) => ({
                           value: item.id,
-                          label: item.label,
+                          label: text(item.label),
                           disabled: !item.supported,
                         })),
                       ]}
@@ -317,13 +344,15 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                     className="onboarding-model-key-note"
                     data-state={connectionFailed ? "failed" : "idle"}
                   >
-                    {connectionFailed
-                      ? "连接未通过，请检查 API Key、模型与接口地址后重试。配置已保留。"
-                      : props.profile?.credential_state === "unavailable"
-                        ? "需要允许 MemHub 访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”。"
-                        : props.profile?.has_configured_api_key
-                          ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试。"
-                          : "密钥保存在系统安全存储中，不写入对话或日志。"}
+                    {text(
+                      connectionFailed
+                        ? "连接未通过，请检查 API Key、模型与接口地址后重试。配置已保留。"
+                        : props.profile?.credential_state === "unavailable"
+                          ? "需要允许 MemHub 访问钥匙串。系统询问时请选择“始终允许”。"
+                          : props.profile?.has_configured_api_key
+                            ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试。"
+                            : "密钥保存在系统安全存储中，不写入对话或日志。",
+                    )}
                   </p>
                   <button
                     ref={advancedToggle}
@@ -334,24 +363,27 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                     disabled={fieldsLocked}
                     onClick={() => changeAdvanced(true)}
                   >
-                    配置详情与高级设置{" "}
+                    {text("配置详情与高级设置")}{" "}
                     <ChevronDown size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
                   </button>
                   <p className="onboarding-model-profile">
-                    {provider?.label ?? "服务商待选择"} ·{" "}
-                    {draft.model || "模型待填写"}
+                    {provider ? text(provider.label) : text("服务商待选择")} ·{" "}
+                    {draft.model || text("模型待填写")}
                     <br />
-                    {safeEndpoint(draft.base_url)} ·{" "}
+                    {text(safeEndpoint(draft.base_url))} ·{" "}
                     {draft.embedding_mode === "local"
-                      ? "本地向量模型"
-                      : draft.embedding_model || "向量模型待填写"}{" "}
-                    · {draft.disable_thinking ? "思考已关闭" : "思考未关闭"}
+                      ? text("本地向量模型")
+                      : draft.embedding_model || text("向量模型待填写")}{" "}
+                    ·{" "}
+                    {text(draft.disable_thinking ? "思考已关闭" : "思考未关闭")}
                   </p>
                 </>
               ) : (
                 <>
                   <div className="onboarding-model-advanced-head">
-                    <p>预设已填好，只有自定义服务或特殊需求才需要修改。</p>
+                    <p>
+                      {text("预设已填好，只有自定义服务或特殊需求才需要修改。")}
+                    </p>
                     <button
                       ref={advancedToggle}
                       type="button"
@@ -361,7 +393,8 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                       disabled={fieldsLocked}
                       onClick={() => changeAdvanced(false)}
                     >
-                      返回服务商选择 <ChevronUp size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
+                      {text("返回服务商选择")}{" "}
+                      <ChevronUp size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
                     </button>
                   </div>
                   <div className="onboarding-model-advanced-grid">
@@ -390,15 +423,17 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                         className="onboarding-model-key-note"
                         data-state={connectionFailed ? "failed" : "idle"}
                       >
-                        {props.profile?.has_configured_api_key
-                          ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试。"
-                          : "密钥保存在系统安全存储中，不写入对话或日志。"}
+                        {text(
+                          props.profile?.has_configured_api_key
+                            ? "留空保留已保存密钥；填写新密钥后需重新测试。"
+                            : "密钥保存在系统安全存储中，不写入对话或日志。",
+                        )}
                       </p>
                     </div>
                     <label className="onboarding-model-field">
-                      <span>协议</span>
+                      <span>{text("协议")}</span>
                       <select
-                        aria-label="协议"
+                        aria-label={text("协议")}
                         value={draft.provider_kind}
                         disabled={fieldsLocked}
                         onChange={(e) => {
@@ -413,17 +448,17 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                         </option>
                         <option value="ollama">Ollama</option>
                         <option value="anthropic" disabled>
-                          Anthropic（暂不支持）
+                          {text("Anthropic（暂不支持）")}
                         </option>
                         <option value="hy_default" disabled>
-                          HY 托管（当前不可用）
+                          {text("HY 托管（当前不可用）")}
                         </option>
                       </select>
                     </label>
                     <label className="onboarding-model-field">
-                      <span>向量模型</span>
+                      <span>{text("向量模型")}</span>
                       <select
-                        aria-label="向量模型"
+                        aria-label={text("向量模型")}
                         value={draft.embedding_mode}
                         disabled={fieldsLocked}
                         onChange={(e) => {
@@ -435,8 +470,10 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                             });
                         }}
                       >
-                        <option value="local">本地 ONNX · 内置</option>
-                        <option value="custom">自定义向量</option>
+                        <option value="local">
+                          {text("本地 ONNX · 内置")}
+                        </option>
+                        <option value="custom">{text("自定义向量")}</option>
                       </select>
                     </label>
                     <div className="onboarding-model-numbers">
@@ -469,12 +506,14 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                             });
                         }}
                       />
-                      关闭思考模式
+                      {text("关闭思考模式")}
                     </label>
                     <p className="onboarding-model-vector-note">
-                      自定义向量配置可展开；远程向量服务须遵守凭据边界。
+                      {text(
+                        "自定义向量配置可展开；远程向量服务须遵守凭据边界。",
+                      )}
                       <br />
-                      切换服务商或模型后，需要重新测试并启用。
+                      {text("切换服务商或模型后，需要重新测试并启用。")}
                     </p>
                     {draft.embedding_mode === "custom" && (
                       <>
@@ -483,9 +522,9 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                           maxLength: 256,
                         })}
                         <label className="onboarding-model-field">
-                          <span>向量协议</span>
+                          <span>{text("向量协议")}</span>
                           <select
-                            aria-label="向量协议"
+                            aria-label={text("向量协议")}
                             value={draft.embedding_provider_kind}
                             disabled={fieldsLocked}
                             onChange={(e) => {
@@ -498,9 +537,11 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                             }}
                           >
                             <option value="openai_compatible">
-                              同源 OpenAI-compatible（共用 Key）
+                              {text("同源 OpenAI-compatible（共用 Key）")}
+                            </option>
+                            <option value="ollama">
+                              {text("本机 Ollama")}
                             </option>
-                            <option value="ollama">本机 Ollama</option>
                           </select>
                         </label>
                         <div className="onboarding-model-wide">
@@ -509,7 +550,9 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                             required: true,
                           })}
                           <small>
-                            远程向量地址须与生成服务同源；本机地址仍需校验。
+                            {text(
+                              "远程向量地址须与生成服务同源；本机地址仍需校验。",
+                            )}
                           </small>
                         </div>
                       </>
@@ -524,7 +567,7 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                   disabled={locked}
                   onClick={() => void props.onRecoverCreation?.()}
                 >
-                  核对创建结果
+                  {text("核对创建结果")}
                 </R6Button>
               )}
               {props.onDiscardMissingCreation && (
@@ -533,17 +576,19 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                   disabled={locked}
                   onClick={() => void props.onDiscardMissingCreation?.()}
                 >
-                  放弃旧记录，重新配置
+                  {text("放弃旧记录，重新配置")}
                 </R6Button>
               )}
             </div>
             <div className="onboarding-model-feedback" tabIndex={-1}>
               {(displayedPhase === "testing" ||
                 displayedPhase === "enabling") && (
-                <p role="status" aria-label="模型提交状态">
-                  {displayedPhase === "testing"
-                    ? "正在测试连接…"
-                    : "正在提交保存与启用，请等待回执…"}
+                <p role="status" aria-label={text("模型提交状态")}>
+                  {text(
+                    displayedPhase === "testing"
+                      ? "正在测试连接…"
+                      : "正在提交保存与启用，请等待回执…",
+                  )}
                 </p>
               )}
               {props.probe && (
@@ -552,54 +597,60 @@ export function OnboardingModelStep(props: OnboardingModelStepProps) {
                   data-state={props.probe.state}
                   role="status"
                 >
-                  {props.probe.message}
+                  {text(props.probe.message)}
                 </p>
               )}
               {(props.error || callbackFailed) && (
                 <p className="onboarding-model-error" role="alert">
-                  {props.error ||
-                    "操作结果未确认，已填写内容保留，请核对后重试。"}
+                  {text(
+                    props.error ||
+                      "操作结果未确认，已填写内容保留，请核对后重试。",
+                  )}
                 </p>
               )}
             </div>
           </section>
           <aside
             className="onboarding-model-summary"
-            aria-label="本次沉淀"
+            aria-label={text("本次沉淀")}
             data-full-height={advancedOpen || connectionFailed}
             // biome-ignore lint/a11y/noNoninteractiveTabindex: Keyboard users must be able to scroll the full permission disclosure.
             tabIndex={0}
           >
             <div className="onboarding-model-summary-heading">
-              <p>本次沉淀</p>
-              <h2>让记忆从这里开始</h2>
+              <p>{text("本次沉淀")}</p>
+              <h2>{text("让记忆从这里开始")}</h2>
             </div>
             <div className="onboarding-model-connections">
-              <p>对话来源</p>
-              <strong>{sourceSummary || "尚无已选来源"}</strong>
+              <p>{text("对话来源")}</p>
+              <strong>{sourceSummary || text("尚无已选来源")}</strong>
               <small>
-                已导入 {props.importedConversationCount ?? 0}{" "}
-                条对话；来源开关继续控制之后同步到本机的内容。
+                {t("onboardingImportedConversations", {
+                  count: props.importedConversationCount ?? 0,
+                })}
               </small>
             </div>
             <div className="onboarding-model-summary-status">
               {connectionReceipt && (
                 <small className="onboarding-model-connection-receipt">
-                  {connectionReceipt}
+                  {text(connectionReceipt)}
                 </small>
               )}
               <small>
-                处理服务：{provider?.label ?? "待选择"}
+                {text("处理服务：")}
+                {text(provider?.label ?? "待选择")}
                 <br />
-                相关对话会发送给所选服务商。
+                {text("相关对话会发送给所选服务商。")}
               </small>
               <small>
-                测试连接只发送测试内容。启用后会使用此模型整理已导入和之后同步的会话。
+                {text(
+                  "测试连接只发送测试内容。启用后会使用此模型整理已导入和之后同步的会话。",
+                )}
               </small>
             </div>
             {!props.capability.saveAndEnable && (
               <p role="status">
-                {props.capability.reason || "当前不能在此启用模型。"}
+                {text(props.capability.reason || "当前不能在此启用模型。")}
               </p>
             )}
           </aside>

memhub/apps/web/src/OptionMenu.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 
 export interface OptionMenuItem {
   value: string;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ export function OptionMenu(props: {
   options: readonly OptionMenuItem[];
   onChange: (value: string) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
   const root = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const selected = props.options.find((item) => item.value === props.value);
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ export function OptionMenu(props: {
           }
         }}
       >
-        {selected?.label ?? "请选择"}
+        {selected?.label ?? t("wb.select")}
       </button>
       {open && (
         <div className="om-option-menu-panel" role="listbox">

memhub/apps/web/src/R6ColdStartFrame.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { afterEach, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+import { R6ColdStartFrame } from "./R6ColdStartFrame";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+function declaration(file: string, selector: string): string {
+  const css = readFileSync(join(process.cwd(), "src", file), "utf8");
+  const escaped = selector.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&");
+  return css.match(new RegExp(`${escaped}\\s*\\{([^}]*)\\}`))?.[1] ?? "";
+}
+
+it("lets multiline headings grow above the separator in normal flow", () => {
+  const head = declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-head");
+  expect(head).toMatch(/flex:\s*0 0 auto/);
+  expect(head).toMatch(/display:\s*flex/);
+  expect(head).toMatch(/flex-wrap:\s*wrap/);
+  expect(
+    declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-head .r6-stepper"),
+  ).not.toMatch(/position:\s*absolute/);
+});
+
+it("allows step labels to wrap in separate flexible tracks", () => {
+  const list = declaration("r6-controls.css", ".r6-stepper ol");
+  const step = declaration("r6-controls.css", ".r6-stepper li");
+  expect(list).toMatch(
+    /grid-template-columns:\s*repeat\(3, minmax\(0, 1fr\)\)/,
+  );
+  expect(step).toMatch(/white-space:\s*normal/);
+  expect(step).toMatch(/height:\s*auto/);
+  expect(step).not.toMatch(/width:\s*84px/);
+});
+
+it("sizes the import action to its label and wraps footer content", () => {
+  const submit = declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-submit");
+  expect(submit).toMatch(/width:\s*auto/);
+  expect(submit).toMatch(/min-width:\s*138px/);
+  expect(declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-foot")).toMatch(
+    /flex-wrap:\s*wrap/,
+  );
+});
+
+it("keeps progress cards content-sized and the step-two footer in normal flow", () => {
+  const card = declaration(
+    "r6-import-progress.css",
+    ".r6-import-progress-card",
+  );
+  expect(card).toMatch(/min-height:\s*218px/);
+  expect(card).not.toMatch(/(?:^|;)\s*height:/);
+  expect(
+    declaration(
+      "first-import-r6.css",
+      ".first-import-r6-main > .r6-import-progress",
+    ),
+  ).toMatch(/flex:\s*0 0 auto/);
+  expect(declaration("first-import-r6.css", ".first-import-r6-layout")).toMatch(
+    /height:\s*auto/,
+  );
+  expect(
+    declaration("first-import-r6.css", ".first-import-r6-footer-note"),
+  ).not.toMatch(/max-height|overflow/);
+  expect(declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-body")).toMatch(
+    /overflow-y:\s*auto/,
+  );
+});
+
+it("removes the duplicate native drag overlay above the language selector", () => {
+  expect(
+    declaration(
+      "onboarding-r6.css",
+      ".desktop-frame:has(.onboarding-r6) > .window-drag-region",
+    ),
+  ).toMatch(/display:\s*none/);
+  expect(
+    declaration(
+      "onboarding-r6.css",
+      ".onboarding-r6-titlebar .r6-language-selector--compact",
+    ),
+  ).toMatch(/-webkit-app-region:\s*no-drag/);
+});
+
+it("keeps selection status outside decorative fades and readable when disabled", () => {
+  expect(
+    declaration("onboarding-r6.css", ".onboarding-r6-list-area::after"),
+  ).toBe("");
+  expect(
+    declaration(
+      "onboarding-r6.css",
+      ".onboarding-r6-list-status .onboarding-r6-quiet:disabled",
+    ),
+  ).toMatch(/opacity:\s*1/);
+});
+
+it("keeps the native selector keyboard-focusable and switches both languages", async () => {
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <R6ColdStartFrame
+        step={1}
+        title="Fixture"
+        eyebrow="Fixture"
+        footer={null}
+      >
+        <p>Fixture body</p>
+      </R6ColdStartFrame>
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  const user = userEvent.setup();
+  const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox");
+  await user.tab();
+  expect(document.activeElement).toBe(selector);
+  await user.selectOptions(selector, "es");
+  expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe("es");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("combobox").getAttribute("id")).toBe(selector.id);
+  await user.selectOptions(selector, "zh-CN");
+  expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe("zh-CN");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: "界面语言" })).toBe(selector);
+});
+
+it.each([1, 2, 3] as const)(
+  "offers a compact language selector on step %s",
+  (step) => {
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <R6ColdStartFrame
+          step={step}
+          title="Fixture"
+          eyebrow="Fixture"
+          footer={null}
+        >
+          <p>Fixture body</p>
+        </R6ColdStartFrame>
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    const selector = screen.getByRole("combobox", { name: "界面语言" });
+    expect(selector.closest(".r6-language-selector--compact")).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(
+      screen.getByRole("option", { name: "简体中文" }).getAttribute("lang"),
+    ).toBe("zh-CN");
+    expect(
+      screen.getByRole("option", { name: "Español" }).getAttribute("lang"),
+    ).toBe("es");
+    expect(screen.queryByRole("heading", { name: "界面语言" })).toBeNull();
+    expect(selector.getAttribute("aria-describedby")).toBeNull();
+  },
+);

memhub/apps/web/src/R6ColdStartFrame.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
+import { LanguageSelector } from "./LanguageSelector";
 import { R6LocalStorage, R6Stepper } from "./R6Controls";
 import "./onboarding-r6.css";
 
@@ -21,9 +22,12 @@ export function R6ColdStartFrame({
           left of this bar and a "第一次见面" caption on the right. The user
           removed both deliberately on 2026-09-20 — this is a product decision,
           not a missing implementation, so do not "restore" them when comparing
-          against the canvas. The bar itself stays: it is the 58px window drag
-          region and reserves room for the native traffic lights. */}
-      <header className="onboarding-r6-titlebar" />
+          against the canvas. The bar itself stays: it is the window drag
+          region (at least 58px) and reserves room for native traffic lights.
+          The language control opts out of dragging. */}
+      <header className="onboarding-r6-titlebar">
+        <LanguageSelector compact />
+      </header>
       <div className="onboarding-r6-stage">
         <section className="onboarding-r6-shell" data-step={step}>
           <header className="onboarding-r6-head">

memhub/apps/web/src/R6Controls.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   type InputHTMLAttributes,
   useId,
 } from "react";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import "./r6-controls.css";
 
 type ButtonProps = ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement> & {
@@ -35,15 +36,16 @@ export function R6Button({
 }
 
 export function R6Stepper({ active }: { active: 1 | 2 | 3 }) {
+  const { text } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   return (
-    <nav className="r6-stepper" aria-label="首次设置进度">
+    <nav className="r6-stepper" aria-label={text("首次设置进度")}>
       <ol>
         {["导入历史", "连接应用", "沉淀记忆"].map((label, index) => (
           <li
             key={label}
             aria-current={active === index + 1 ? "step" : undefined}
           >
-            <span aria-hidden="true">0{index + 1}</span> {label}
+            <span aria-hidden="true">0{index + 1}</span> {text(label)}
           </li>
         ))}
       </ol>
@@ -115,13 +117,16 @@ export function R6Field({
 }
 
 export function R6LocalStorage() {
+  const { text } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   return (
     <span
       className="r6-local-storage"
-      title="对话与记忆保存在本机；使用云模型或已授权的助手时，相关内容会发送给对应服务。"
+      title={text(
+        "对话与记忆保存在本机；使用云模型或已授权的助手时，相关内容会发送给对应服务。",
+      )}
     >
       <span aria-hidden="true" />
-      本地存储
+      {text("本地存储")}
     </span>
   );
 }

memhub/apps/web/src/R6ImportProgress.tsx

@@ -1,21 +1,37 @@
 import type { ImportJob, SourceResponse } from "@one-memory/contracts";
 import { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import { AppMark } from "./app-mark";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import "./r6-import-progress.css";
 
-function progressText(job: ImportJob): string | null {
-  if (job.stored > 0) return `已保存 ${job.stored.toLocaleString()} 条消息`;
+type Translate = ReturnType<typeof useOnboardingTranslation>["t"];
+
+function progressText(
+  job: ImportJob,
+  t: Translate,
+  locale: string,
+): string | null {
+  if (job.stored > 0)
+    return t("onboardingSavedMessages", {
+      count: job.stored.toLocaleString(locale),
+    });
   if (job.discovered <= 0) return null;
-  const scanned = `已扫描 ${job.discovered.toLocaleString()} 条`;
+  const count = job.discovered.toLocaleString(locale);
   if (job.status === "completed")
-    return job.history_after
-      ? `${scanned}，本次没有符合时间范围的对话`
-      : `${scanned}，本次没有可保存的对话`;
+    return t(
+      job.history_after
+        ? "onboardingScannedOutsideRange"
+        : "onboardingScannedNothingToSave",
+      { count },
+    );
   if (job.status === "pending" || job.status === "running")
-    return job.history_after
-      ? `${scanned}，正在筛选最近 3 天`
-      : `${scanned}，正在筛选`;
-  return `${scanned}，尚未保存`;
+    return t(
+      job.history_after
+        ? "onboardingScannedFilteringRecent"
+        : "onboardingScannedFiltering",
+      { count },
+    );
+  return t("onboardingScannedNotSaved", { count });
 }
 
 export function R6ImportProgress({
@@ -29,6 +45,7 @@ export function R6ImportProgress({
   jobs: ImportJob[];
   stale?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { text, t, locale } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const scroller = useRef<HTMLElement>(null);
   const userScrollLeft = useRef(0);
   const userScrollIntent = useRef(false);
@@ -56,7 +73,7 @@ export function R6ImportProgress({
   return (
     <section
       className="r6-import-progress"
-      aria-label="本次应用导入进度"
+      aria-label={text("本次应用导入进度")}
       data-count={ids.length <= 2 ? String(ids.length) : "many"}
       ref={scroller}
       onPointerDown={markUserScrollIntent}
@@ -103,12 +120,14 @@ export function R6ImportProgress({
           cancelled: "已取消",
           completed: "导入完成",
         };
-        const progress = job ? progressText(job) : null;
+        const progress = job ? progressText(job, t, locale) : null;
         return (
           <article
             className="r6-import-progress-card"
             key={id}
-            aria-label={`${source?.display_name ?? id} 导入进度`}
+            aria-label={t("onboardingAppProgress", {
+              name: source?.display_name ?? id,
+            })}
             data-running={running ? "true" : "false"}
           >
             <div className="r6-import-progress-orbit" aria-hidden="true">
@@ -121,18 +140,22 @@ export function R6ImportProgress({
             {progress ? (
               <p>{progress}</p>
             ) : noImportedHistory ? (
-              <p>没有可保存的历史对话</p>
+              <p>{text("没有可保存的历史对话")}</p>
             ) : null}
             <small role="status">
-              {stale
-                ? "状态待核对"
-                : source?.authorized !== true
-                  ? "读取授权不可用"
-                  : job
-                    ? names[job.status]
-                    : "正在导入"}
+              {text(
+                stale
+                  ? "状态待核对"
+                  : source?.authorized !== true
+                    ? "读取授权不可用"
+                    : job
+                      ? names[job.status]
+                      : "正在导入",
+              )}
               {job && job.errors > 0
-                ? ` · ${job.errors.toLocaleString()} 条读取异常`
+                ? t("onboardingReadErrors", {
+                    count: job.errors.toLocaleString(locale),
+                  })
                 : ""}
             </small>
           </article>

memhub/apps/web/src/R6Settings.test.tsx

@@ -5,9 +5,32 @@ import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import type { Ref } from "react";
 import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { getModelProfiles, getSedimentation, setSedimentation } from "./api";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { queryClient, resetClient } from "./query-client";
 import { R6Settings } from "./R6Settings";
 
+it("changes settings copy live without rereading profiles or changing permissions", async () => {
+  const user = userEvent.setup();
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const { getModelProfiles } = await import("./api");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <R6Settings onDiagnostics={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Modelo de memorias" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.queryByRole("switch", {
+      name: "Permitir que el modelo configurado lea las conversaciones locales",
+    }),
+  ).toBeNull();
+  const reads = vi.mocked(getModelProfiles).mock.calls.length;
+  await user.selectOptions(screen.getByRole("combobox"), "zh-CN");
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "记忆模型" })).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(vi.mocked(getModelProfiles).mock.calls).toHaveLength(reads);
+});
 vi.mock("./api", () => ({
   getModelProfiles: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([
     {
@@ -55,6 +78,7 @@ vi.mock("./diagnostics-export", () => ({
 }));
 afterEach(() => {
   cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
   resetClient();
   vi.clearAllMocks();
   window.oneMemory = undefined;
@@ -70,6 +94,8 @@ it("shows the help and diagnostics group by default and hides it when opted out"
   } as NonNullable<typeof window.oneMemory>;
   const user = userEvent.setup();
   const view = render(<R6Settings onDiagnostics={vi.fn()} />);
+  expect(screen.getByRole("combobox")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getAllByRole("option")).toHaveLength(4);
   await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "帮助与诊断" }));
   expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "帮助与诊断" })).toBeTruthy();
   expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "导出日志" })).toBeTruthy();

memhub/apps/web/src/R6Settings.tsx

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ import {
 import { getModelProfiles, setSedimentation } from "./api";
 import { ConnectionFallback } from "./ConnectionFallback";
 import { exportDiagnosticsFile } from "./diagnostics-export";
+import { LanguageSelector } from "./LanguageSelector";
 import { ModelSettings, type ModelSettingsActions } from "./ModelSettings";
+import { useOnboardingTranslation } from "./onboarding-language";
 import { R6Button, R6Switch } from "./R6Controls";
 import {
   refreshLoginPreference,
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ export function R6Settings({
   showDiagnostics?: boolean;
 }) {
   const id = useId();
+  const { t, text, locale } = useOnboardingTranslation();
   const groups = showDiagnostics
     ? [...primaryGroups, "help" as const]
     : primaryGroups;
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ export function R6Settings({
     setExportingLogs(true);
     setExportMessage("");
     try {
-      const result = await exportDiagnosticsFile();
+      const result = await exportDiagnosticsFile(locale);
       setExportMessage(result.message);
     } finally {
       setExportingLogs(false);
@@ -263,10 +266,11 @@ export function R6Settings({
   }
 
   return (
-    <section className="r6-settings" aria-label="设置">
-      <h1>设置</h1>
+    <section className="r6-settings" aria-label={t("settings")}>
+      <h1>{t("settings")}</h1>
+      <LanguageSelector />
       <div className="r6-settings-layout">
-        <nav aria-label="设置分组">
+        <nav aria-label={text("设置分组")}>
           {groups.map((key) => (
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -277,7 +281,7 @@ export function R6Settings({
               onKeyDown={moveGroupFocus}
               onClick={() => setGroup(key)}
             >
-              {labels[key]}
+              {text(labels[key])}
             </button>
           ))}
         </nav>
@@ -288,20 +292,23 @@ export function R6Settings({
             hidden={group !== "model"}
             className="r6-settings-model"
           >
-            <h2>记忆模型</h2>
+            <h2>{text("记忆模型")}</h2>
             <div className="r6-model-overview">
-              <p className="r6-model-caption">当前模型</p>
+              <p className="r6-model-caption">{text("当前模型")}</p>
               <h3 className="r6-current-model">
                 {currentModel?.name ??
-                  (profiles === null
-                    ? "正在读取模型…"
-                    : modelError
-                      ? "模型状态暂不可读"
-                      : "尚未配置模型")}
+                  text(
+                    profiles === null
+                      ? "正在读取模型…"
+                      : modelError
+                        ? "模型状态暂不可读"
+                        : "尚未配置模型",
+                  )}
               </h3>
               {currentModel && (
                 <p className="r6-model-state">
-                  {currentModel.model} · {safeEndpoint(currentModel.base_url)}
+                  {currentModel.model} ·{" "}
+                  {text(safeEndpoint(currentModel.base_url))}
                 </p>
               )}
               <div className="r6-model-actions">
@@ -310,12 +317,12 @@ export function R6Settings({
                   disabled={profiles === null}
                   onClick={openConfiguration}
                 >
-                  {currentModel ? "修改模型" : "配置模型"}
+                  {text(currentModel ? "修改模型" : "配置模型")}
                 </R6Button>
                 <R6Button
                   variant="quiet"
-                  aria-label="刷新模型状态"
-                  title="刷新模型状态"
+                  aria-label={text("刷新模型状态")}
+                  title={text("刷新模型状态")}
                   onClick={() => setModelVersion((value) => value + 1)}
                 >
                   <RefreshCw size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
@@ -323,29 +330,32 @@ export function R6Settings({
               </div>
               {modelError && (
                 <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                  {profiles === null
-                    ? "模型状态未能读取，请重试。"
-                    : "模型状态刷新未成功，仍显示上次确认的模型状态；请重试。"}
+                  {text(
+                    profiles === null
+                      ? "模型状态未能读取，请重试。"
+                      : "模型状态刷新未成功，仍显示上次确认的模型状态；请重试。",
+                  )}
                 </p>
               )}
               {configurationRefusal && (
                 <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                  上次模型测试或创建还待核对，配置暂时不能改动。请先在下方模型配置区核对结果；
-                  现有配置和原文不会被改动。
+                  {text(
+                    "上次模型测试或创建还待核对，配置暂时不能改动。请先在下方模型配置区核对结果； 现有配置和原文不会被改动。",
+                  )}
                 </p>
               )}
               {currentModel && (
                 <div className="r6-setting-row">
                   <div>
-                    <h3>用模型沉淀记忆</h3>
+                    <h3>{text("用模型沉淀记忆")}</h3>
                     <p>
-                      开启后，导入和同步到本机的会话会交给当前模型整理成记忆，会产生模型调用。
-                      停止后不再调用模型、不再整理记忆，但会话仍会照常导入和保存；已排队的内容会留着，重新开启后继续。
-                      模型配置始终保留，重新开启不需要重新填写。
+                      {text(
+                        "开启后，导入和同步到本机的会话会交给当前模型整理成记忆，会产生模型调用。 停止后不再调用模型、不再整理记忆，但会话仍会照常导入和保存；已排队的内容会留着，重新开启后继续。 模型配置始终保留，重新开启不需要重新填写。",
+                      )}
                     </p>
                   </div>
                   <R6Switch
-                    label="用模型沉淀记忆"
+                    label={text("用模型沉淀记忆")}
                     checked={sedimentation === true}
                     disabled={
                       sedimentation === null ||
@@ -360,19 +370,21 @@ export function R6Settings({
               )}
               {sedimentationError && (
                 <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                  {sedimentationError}
+                  {text(sedimentationError)}
                 </p>
               )}
               {sedimentationUnavailable && (
                 <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                  当前安装还不能读取这个开关，请确认后台服务已启动后重试。
+                  {text(
+                    "当前安装还不能读取这个开关，请确认后台服务已启动后重试。",
+                  )}
                 </p>
               )}
             </div>
             <section
               className="r6-model-owner"
               hidden={!configurationOpen}
-              aria-label="模型配置表单"
+              aria-label={text("模型配置表单")}
             >
               <ModelSettings
                 compactSingle
@@ -388,7 +400,7 @@ export function R6Settings({
             hidden={group !== "connections"}
             className="r6-settings-connections"
           >
-            <h2>连接其他应用</h2>
+            <h2>{text("连接其他应用")}</h2>
             <ConnectionFallback />
           </section>
           {showDiagnostics && (
@@ -398,14 +410,14 @@ export function R6Settings({
               hidden={group !== "help"}
               className="r6-settings-help"
             >
-              <h2>帮助与诊断</h2>
+              <h2>{text("帮助与诊断")}</h2>
               <div className="r6-setting-row">
                 <div>
-                  <h3>登录后启动后台服务</h3>
-                  <p>无需打开界面，持续同步、整理和提供记忆。</p>
+                  <h3>{text("登录后启动后台服务")}</h3>
+                  <p>{text("无需打开界面，持续同步、整理和提供记忆。")}</p>
                 </div>
                 <R6Switch
-                  label="登录后启动后台服务"
+                  label={text("登录后启动后台服务")}
                   checked={login?.enabled === true}
                   disabled={
                     !dataReady ||
@@ -418,15 +430,17 @@ export function R6Settings({
               </div>
               {(dataError || readError) && (
                 <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                  {dataError || readError}
+                  {text(dataError || readError)}
                 </p>
               )}
               <div className="r6-setting-row">
                 <div>
-                  <h3>导出日志</h3>
+                  <h3>{text("导出日志")}</h3>
                   <p>
-                    {exportMessage ||
-                      "把本机运行日志打包成一个文件，发给开发排查。"}
+                    {text(
+                      exportMessage ||
+                        "把本机运行日志打包成一个文件，发给开发排查。",
+                    )}
                   </p>
                 </div>
                 <R6Button
@@ -435,15 +449,15 @@ export function R6Settings({
                   onClick={() => void handleExportLogs()}
                 >
                   <Download size={16} aria-hidden="true" />
-                  导出日志
+                  {text("导出日志")}
                 </R6Button>
               </div>
               <div className="r6-setting-row r6-settings-about">
                 <div>
-                  <h3>关于</h3>
+                  <h3>{text("关于")}</h3>
                   <dl>
                     <div>
-                      <dt>版本</dt>
+                      <dt>{text("版本")}</dt>
                       <dd>{buildInfo.version}</dd>
                     </div>
                     <div>
@@ -497,23 +511,25 @@ export function R6Settings({
               }
             }}
           >
-            <h2 id={`${id}-quit-title`}>确定退出 One Memory 界面吗？</h2>
-            <p>后台服务会继续同步、整理和提供记忆。</p>
+            <h2 id={`${id}-quit-title`}>
+              {text("确定退出 One Memory 界面吗？")}
+            </h2>
+            <p>{text("后台服务会继续同步、整理和提供记忆。")}</p>
             {quitError && (
               <p role="alert" className="r6-settings-error">
-                {quitError}
+                {text(quitError)}
               </p>
             )}
             <footer>
               <R6Button disabled={quitting} onClick={() => setQuitOpen(false)}>
-                取消
+                {text("取消")}
               </R6Button>
               <R6Button
                 variant="primary"
                 pending={quitting}
                 onClick={() => void quitApplication()}
               >
-                退出界面
+                {text("退出界面")}
               </R6Button>
             </footer>
           </section>

memhub/apps/web/src/SdkMemoryLibrary.test.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ vi.mock("./api", () => ({
   updateSdkMemory,
 }));
 
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { SdkMemoryLibrary } from "./SdkMemoryLibrary";
 
 const memory = {
@@ -52,7 +53,26 @@ describe("SDK memory library", () => {
     );
     deleteSdkMemory.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
   });
-  afterEach(cleanup);
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup();
+    localStorage.clear();
+  });
+
+  it("localizes controls while leaving memory content unchanged", async () => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <SdkMemoryLibrary active />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    expect(
+      await screen.findByRole("navigation", {
+        name: "Estado de la memoria",
+      }),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "original" })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText("1 memoria")).toBeTruthy();
+  });
 
   it("edits the same memory id and physically deletes without revision or undo", async () => {
     render(<SdkMemoryLibrary active />);

memhub/apps/web/src/SdkMemoryLibrary.tsx

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import type { SdkMemoryRecord, SdkMemoryStatus } from "@one-memory/contracts";
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import {
   deleteSdkMemory,
   getSdkMemory,
   getSdkMemoryLibrary,
   updateSdkMemory,
 } from "./api";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 
 export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
@@ -17,6 +18,9 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
   onChanged?(): void;
   focusedMemoryId?: string | null;
 }) {
+  const { t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const translation = useRef(t);
+  translation.current = t;
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<SdkMemoryStatus>("active");
   const [offset, setOffset] = useState(0);
   const [rows, setRows] = useState<SdkMemoryRecord[]>([]);
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
       if (offset >= page.total && offset > 0)
         setOffset(Math.max(0, offset - limit));
     } catch {
-      setError("记忆库读取失败，请重试。");
+      setError(translation.current("sdk.memory.loadFailed"));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
       setSelected(memory);
       setDraft(memory.content);
     } catch {
-      setError("记忆详情读取失败。");
+      setError(translation.current("sdk.memory.detailLoadFailed"));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
       await refresh();
       onChanged?.();
     } catch {
-      setError("修改未完成，请重试。");
+      setError(t("sdk.memory.updateFailed"));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -96,19 +100,19 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
       await refresh();
       onChanged?.();
     } catch {
-      setError("删除未完成，请重试。");
+      setError(t("sdk.memory.deleteFailed"));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
   }
 
   return (
-    <section className="sdk-memory-library" aria-label="SDK 记忆库">
-      <nav aria-label="记忆状态">
+    <section className="sdk-memory-library" aria-label={t("sdk.memory.title")}>
+      <nav aria-label={t("sdk.memory.status")}>
         {(
           [
-            ["active", "已可用"],
-            ["superseded", "已被取代"],
+            ["active", t("sdk.memory.status.active")],
+            ["superseded", t("sdk.memory.status.superseded")],
           ] as const
         ).map(([value, label]) => (
           <button
@@ -126,9 +130,11 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
           </button>
         ))}
       </nav>
-      <p aria-live="polite">共 {total} 条</p>
+      <p aria-live="polite">{tn("sdk.memory.total", total)}</p>
       {error && <p role="alert">{error}</p>}
-      {busy && !rows.length ? <p role="status">正在读取记忆库…</p> : null}
+      {busy && !rows.length ? (
+        <p role="status">{t("sdk.memory.loading")}</p>
+      ) : null}
       <ul>
         {rows.map((memory) => (
           <li key={memory.memory_id}>
@@ -138,29 +144,29 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
           </li>
         ))}
       </ul>
-      <nav aria-label="SDK 记忆库分页">
+      <nav aria-label={t("sdk.memory.pagination")}>
         <R6Button
           variant="quiet"
           disabled={busy || offset === 0}
           onClick={() => setOffset(Math.max(0, offset - limit))}
         >
-          上一页
+          {t("sdk.memory.previous")}
         </R6Button>
         <R6Button
           variant="quiet"
           disabled={busy || offset + limit >= total}
           onClick={() => setOffset(offset + limit)}
         >
-          下一页
+          {t("sdk.memory.next")}
         </R6Button>
       </nav>
       {selected ? (
-        <aside aria-label="SDK 记忆详情">
+        <aside aria-label={t("sdk.memory.detail")}>
           <p>{selected.layer}</p>
           {selected.status === "active" ? (
             <>
               <textarea
-                aria-label="记忆内容"
+                aria-label={t("sdk.memory.content")}
                 value={draft}
                 disabled={busy}
                 onChange={(event) => setDraft(event.target.value)}
@@ -171,10 +177,10 @@ export function SdkMemoryLibrary({
                 pending={busy}
                 onClick={() => void save()}
               >
-                保存修改
+                {t("sdk.memory.save")}
               </R6Button>
               <R6Button pending={busy} onClick={() => void remove()}>
-                删除记忆
+                {t("sdk.memory.delete")}
               </R6Button>
             </>
           ) : (

memhub/apps/web/src/SdkRawHistory.test.tsx

@@ -9,9 +9,45 @@ const { getSdkRaw, searchSdkRaw } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
 }));
 vi.mock("./api", () => ({ getSdkRaw, searchSdkRaw }));
 
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { SdkRawHistory } from "./SdkRawHistory";
 
-afterEach(cleanup);
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it("localizes controls without translating original conversation fields", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  getSdkRaw.mockResolvedValue({
+    items: [
+      {
+        raw_id: "raw-es",
+        content: "原始内容 sin traducir",
+        user_id: "local",
+        agent_id: "one-memory",
+        session_id: "sesión-original",
+        source: "cursor",
+        memory_at: null,
+        gmt_created: null,
+        custom: {},
+      },
+    ],
+    total: 1,
+    offset: 0,
+    limit: 100,
+  });
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SdkRawHistory />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    await screen.findByLabelText("Buscar conversaciones originales"),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("原始内容 sin traducir")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/sesión-original/)).toBeTruthy();
+});
 
 it("lists and searches SDK raw without legacy conversation APIs", async () => {
   getSdkRaw.mockResolvedValue({

memhub/apps/web/src/SdkRawHistory.tsx

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import type { SdkRawContextItem, SdkRawRecord } from "@one-memory/contracts";
-import { type FormEvent, useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import { type FormEvent, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { getSdkRaw, searchSdkRaw } from "./api";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 
 export function SdkRawHistory() {
+  const { locale, t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
+  const translation = useRef(t);
+  translation.current = t;
   const [recent, setRecent] = useState<SdkRawRecord[]>([]);
   const [results, setResults] = useState<SdkRawContextItem[] | null>(null);
   const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ export function SdkRawHistory() {
         if (current) setRecent(page.items);
       },
       () => {
-        if (current) setError("原始对话暂时无法读取。");
+        if (current) setError(translation.current("sdk.raw.loadFailed"));
       },
     );
     return () => {
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ export function SdkRawHistory() {
     try {
       setResults(await searchSdkRaw(query.trim()));
     } catch {
-      setError("原始对话搜索失败，请重试。");
+      setError(t("sdk.raw.searchFailed"));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -40,22 +44,24 @@ export function SdkRawHistory() {
 
   const items = results ?? recent.map(asContextItem);
   return (
-    <section aria-label="SDK 原始对话">
+    <section aria-label={t("sdk.raw.title")}>
       <form onSubmit={(event) => void submit(event)}>
         <label>
-          搜索原始对话
+          {t("sdk.raw.searchLabel")}
           <input
             value={query}
             onChange={(event) => setQuery(event.target.value)}
           />
         </label>
         <button type="submit" disabled={busy || !query.trim()}>
-          {busy ? "搜索中…" : "搜索"}
+          {busy ? t("sdk.raw.searching") : t("sdk.raw.search")}
         </button>
       </form>
       {error ? <p role="alert">{error}</p> : null}
       <p aria-live="polite">
-        {results === null ? "最近原始对话" : `找到 ${items.length} 条`}
+        {results === null
+          ? t("sdk.raw.recent")
+          : tn("sdk.raw.found", items.length)}
       </p>
       <ol>
         {items.map((item) => (
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ export function SdkRawHistory() {
             <small>
               {item.source} · {item.session_id}
               {item.memory_at
-                ? ` · ${new Date(item.memory_at).toLocaleString("zh-CN")}`
+                ? ` · ${new Date(item.memory_at).toLocaleString(locale)}`
                 : ""}
             </small>
           </li>

memhub/apps/web/src/SelectedMemoryDetail.test.tsx

@@ -11,8 +11,32 @@ import {
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { StrictMode } from "react";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
 import { SelectedMemoryDetail } from "./SelectedMemoryDetail";
 
+it("localizes informational details and dates while preserving evidence and memory", async () => {
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <SelectedMemoryDetail
+        detail={detail}
+        sources={[]}
+        onChanged={vi.fn()}
+        hideActions
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(await screen.findByText("Guardada · Versión 2")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Evidencia original" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("这次先确认范围。")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(correct).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(remove).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
 const { correct, read, remove, errorCode } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   correct: vi.fn(),
   read: vi.fn(),

memhub/apps/web/src/SelectedMemoryDetail.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
 import { apiErrorCode, correctMemory, getMemory, mutateMemory } from "./api";
 import { clockStamp } from "./clock-stamp";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { R6Button } from "./R6Controls";
 import { sourceNameOr } from "./source-label";
 import { traceUiAction } from "./ui-trace";
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
   /** D99: when the cited conversation happened, in the list's own terms. */
   conversationAt?: { at: string; basis: "conversation" | "import" } | null;
 }) {
+  const { locale, t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [page, setPage] = useState<Page>("read");
   const [draft, setDraft] = useState(detail.memory.content);
   const [base, setBase] = useState(detail.memory.revision);
@@ -50,13 +52,17 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
   const evidence = detail.evidence[0];
   const statusLabel =
     memory.status === "confirmed"
-      ? "已沉淀"
+      ? t("selectedMemory.status.confirmed")
       : memory.status === "deleted"
-        ? "已删除"
+        ? t("selectedMemory.status.deleted")
         : memory.status === "superseded"
-          ? "已被取代"
-          : "状态待核对";
-  const source = sourceNameOr(sources, evidence?.source_id, "来源待核对");
+          ? t("selectedMemory.status.superseded")
+          : t("selectedMemory.status.unknown");
+  const source = sourceNameOr(
+    sources,
+    evidence?.source_id,
+    t("selectedMemory.sourceUnknown"),
+  );
   const dirty = page === "edit" && draft !== memory.content;
   useEffect(() => {
     if (page === "edit" && memory.revision > base) setConflictFound(true);
@@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
   }, [dirty]);
   function close() {
     if (busy) return;
-    if (dirty && !window.confirm("放弃尚未保存的修改？")) return;
+    if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("selectedMemory.discardDraft"))) return;
     setPage("read");
     setError("");
     setConflictFound(false);
@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
       const latest = await getMemory(memory.memory_id);
       if (alive.current) setConflict(latest);
     } catch {
-      if (alive.current) setError("暂时无法读取新版本，草稿已保留。");
+      if (alive.current) setError(t("selectedMemory.newVersionReadFailed"));
     } finally {
       if (alive.current) setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -138,8 +144,8 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
           setConflictFound(true);
           setError("");
         } else if (isDefiniteRefusal(reason))
-          setError("修改未提交；草稿已保留。请按提示修正后重试。");
-        else setError("修改尚未确认，草稿已保留。请先刷新核对，避免重复提交。");
+          setError(t("selectedMemory.updateRejected"));
+        else setError(t("selectedMemory.updateUnknown"));
       }
     } finally {
       flight.current = false;
@@ -175,8 +181,8 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
       if (alive.current)
         setError(
           refused
-            ? "删除未提交。请核对这条记忆的状态后重试。"
-            : "删除尚未确认。请重新核对记忆状态，不会自动扩大删除范围。",
+            ? t("selectedMemory.deleteRejected")
+            : t("selectedMemory.deleteUnknown"),
         );
     } finally {
       flight.current = false;
@@ -207,8 +213,8 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
       if (alive.current)
         setError(
           refused
-            ? "撤销未提交。请按提示修正后重试。"
-            : "撤销尚未确认，请先核对当前记忆版本，避免重复撤销。",
+            ? t("selectedMemory.undoRejected")
+            : t("selectedMemory.undoUnknown"),
         );
     } finally {
       flight.current = false;
@@ -217,11 +223,11 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
   }
   const author =
     evidence?.written_by === "person" || evidence?.written_by === "user"
-      ? "你说"
+      ? t("selectedMemory.author.you")
       : evidence?.written_by === "agent" || evidence?.written_by === "assistant"
-        ? "助手原话"
-        : "作者待核对";
-  const timestamp = clockStamp(evidence?.created_at);
+        ? t("selectedMemory.author.assistant")
+        : t("selectedMemory.author.unknown");
+  const timestamp = clockStamp(evidence?.created_at, locale);
   const split = memory.content.search(/[。\n]/);
   const heading =
     split > 0 && split < 85
@@ -236,17 +242,24 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
         data-hide-actions={hideActions ? "true" : "false"}
       >
         <p className="selected-memory-status">
-          {statusLabel} · 第 {memory.revision} 版
+          {statusLabel} ·{" "}
+          {t("selectedMemory.version", {
+            revision: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(memory.revision),
+          })}
         </p>
         <h3>{heading}</h3>
         {body && <p className="selected-memory-body">{body}</p>}
         <p className="selected-memory-source">
-          来源 {source} · {timestamp}
+          {t("selectedMemory.sourceLine", { source, time: timestamp })}
         </p>
         <p className="selected-memory-times">
-          对话时间 {clockStamp(conversationAt?.at ?? evidence?.created_at)}
-          {" · "}
-          沉淀时间 {clockStamp(memory.updated_at)}
+          {t("selectedMemory.timestamps", {
+            conversation: clockStamp(
+              conversationAt?.at ?? evidence?.created_at,
+              locale,
+            ),
+            created: clockStamp(memory.updated_at, locale),
+          })}
         </p>
         {!hideActions && (
           <R6Button
@@ -260,16 +273,18 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
               setPage("edit");
             }}
           >
-            编辑
+            {t("selectedMemory.edit")}
           </R6Button>
         )}
         <section className="selected-memory-evidence">
-          <h4>原始依据</h4>
+          <h4>{t("selectedMemory.evidence")}</h4>
           <small>
-            {author} · 原对话 {timestamp}：
+            {t("selectedMemory.evidenceLine", { author, time: timestamp })}
           </small>
           <blockquote>
-            {evidence?.available ? evidence.verbatim : "这段原文当前不可查看。"}
+            {evidence?.available
+              ? evidence.verbatim
+              : t("selectedMemory.evidenceUnavailable")}
           </blockquote>
           {!hideActions && (
             <R6Button
@@ -278,20 +293,24 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                 setPage("original");
               }}
             >
-              查看原文
+              {t("selectedMemory.viewOriginal")}
             </R6Button>
           )}
         </section>
         {!hideActions && (
           <R6Button variant="quiet" onClick={() => setShowHistory((v) => !v)}>
-            版本记录
+            {t("selectedMemory.history")}
           </R6Button>
         )}
         {!hideActions && showHistory && (
           <ol className="selected-memory-history">
             {detail.history.map((v) => (
               <li key={v.revision}>
-                <small>第 {v.revision} 版</small>
+                <small>
+                  {t("selectedMemory.version", {
+                    revision: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(v.revision),
+                  })}
+                </small>
                 <p>{v.content}</p>
               </li>
             ))}
@@ -299,10 +318,10 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
         )}
         {!hideActions && (
           <details className="selected-memory-more">
-            <summary>更多管理</summary>
+            <summary>{t("selectedMemory.more")}</summary>
             {detail.history.length > 1 && (
               <R6Button pending={busy} onClick={() => void govern("undo")}>
-                撤销上次修改
+                {t("selectedMemory.undo")}
               </R6Button>
             )}
             <R6Button
@@ -312,7 +331,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                 setPage("delete");
               }}
             >
-              删除记忆
+              {t("selectedMemory.delete")}
             </R6Button>
           </details>
         )}
@@ -325,10 +344,10 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
             hidden={suspended}
             aria-label={
               page === "edit"
-                ? "编辑记忆"
+                ? t("selectedMemory.editTitle")
                 : page === "original"
-                  ? "原始对话"
-                  : "删除记忆"
+                  ? t("selectedMemory.originalTitle")
+                  : t("selectedMemory.delete")
             }
             onKeyDown={(event) => {
               if (event.key === "Tab") {
@@ -360,20 +379,20 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
             <header>
               <h1 ref={focus} tabIndex={-1}>
                 {page === "edit"
-                  ? "编辑记忆"
+                  ? t("selectedMemory.editTitle")
                   : page === "original"
-                    ? "原始对话"
-                    : "删除记忆"}
+                    ? t("selectedMemory.originalTitle")
+                    : t("selectedMemory.delete")}
               </h1>
               {page === "original" && (
-                <R6Button onClick={close}>返回记忆</R6Button>
+                <R6Button onClick={close}>{t("selectedMemory.back")}</R6Button>
               )}
             </header>
             {page === "edit" ? (
               <div className="selected-editor">
-                <p>修改这条记忆，原始对话保持不变。</p>
+                <p>{t("selectedMemory.editDescription")}</p>
                 <textarea
-                  aria-label="记忆内容"
+                  aria-label={t("selectedMemory.content")}
                   name="memory-content"
                   value={draft}
                   disabled={busy}
@@ -383,16 +402,16 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                     request.current = null;
                   }}
                 />
-                <p>使用范围保持不变</p>
+                <p>{t("selectedMemory.scopeUnchanged")}</p>
                 {conflictFound && (
                   <section className="selected-conflict">
-                    <h2>已有新版本</h2>
-                    <p>你的草稿已保留，先查看新版本再决定如何修改。</p>
+                    <h2>{t("selectedMemory.conflictTitle")}</h2>
+                    <p>{t("selectedMemory.conflictDescription")}</p>
                     <R6Button
                       pending={busy}
                       onClick={() => void refreshConflict()}
                     >
-                      查看新版本
+                      {t("selectedMemory.viewNewVersion")}
                     </R6Button>
                     {conflict && (
                       <>
@@ -404,7 +423,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                             request.current = null;
                           }}
                         >
-                          基于此版本继续编辑
+                          {t("selectedMemory.continueFromVersion")}
                         </R6Button>
                       </>
                     )}
@@ -412,7 +431,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                 )}
                 <div className="selected-page-actions">
                   <R6Button disabled={busy} onClick={close}>
-                    取消
+                    {t("selectedMemory.cancel")}
                   </R6Button>
                   <R6Button
                     variant="primary"
@@ -420,7 +439,7 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                     disabled={!draft.trim() || conflictFound}
                     onClick={() => void save()}
                   >
-                    保存修改
+                    {t("selectedMemory.save")}
                   </R6Button>
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -433,43 +452,50 @@ export function SelectedMemoryDetail({
                 {detail.evidence.map((item) => (
                   <section key={item.evidence_id}>
                     <small>
-                      {sourceNameOr(sources, item.source_id, "来源待核对")} ·{" "}
+                      {sourceNameOr(
+                        sources,
+                        item.source_id,
+                        t("selectedMemory.sourceUnknown"),
+                      )}{" "}
+                      ·{" "}
                       {item.written_by === "person"
-                        ? "你"
+                        ? t("selectedMemory.author.user")
                         : item.written_by === "agent"
-                          ? "助手"
-                          : "作者待核对"}
+                          ? t("selectedMemory.author.agent")
+                          : t("selectedMemory.author.unknown")}
                     </small>
                     <blockquote>
                       {item.available
                         ? item.verbatim
-                        : "来源权限已变化或原文不可用。"}
+                        : t("selectedMemory.sourceUnavailable")}
                     </blockquote>
                   </section>
                 ))}
-                <small>对应记忆</small>
+                <small>{t("selectedMemory.related")}</small>
                 <h2>{heading}</h2>
-                <R6Button onClick={close}>查看记忆</R6Button>
+                <R6Button onClick={close}>
+                  {t("selectedMemory.viewMemory")}
+                </R6Button>
               </div>
             ) : (
               <div className="selected-delete">
-                <h2>删除这条记忆？</h2>
+                <h2>{t("selectedMemory.deleteTitle")}</h2>
                 <p>{heading}</p>
                 <p>
-                  删除后不再用于新的召回，来源 App 中的原始对话不会删除。
+                  {t("selectedMemory.deleteDescription")}
                   <br />
-                  已经发送给应用的内容无法远程收回。
+                  {t("selectedMemory.sentCannotRecall")}
                 </p>
                 <div className="selected-page-actions">
                   <R6Button disabled={busy} onClick={close}>
-                    取消
+                    {t("selectedMemory.cancel")}
                   </R6Button>
                   <R6Button
                     variant="primary"
                     pending={busy}
                     onClick={() => void remove()}
                   >
-                    删除记忆
+                    {t("selectedMemory.delete")}
                   </R6Button>
                 </div>
               </div>

memhub/apps/web/src/SourceImportReceipt.tsx

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ import type {
   SourceImportReceipt as Receipt,
   SourceResponse,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import type { GuiLocale } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { FileText, RefreshCw, X } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { getConversation, getSourceImportReceipt } from "./api";
+import { memoryText, useMemoryLanguage } from "./memory-language";
 
 export function SourceImportReceipt({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
   return source.authorized ? (
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ export function SourceImportReceipt({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
 }
 
 function ReceiptBody({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
+  const { locale, text, count } = useMemoryLanguage();
   const [receipt, setReceipt] = useState<Receipt | null>(null);
   const [error, setError] = useState("");
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
@@ -97,85 +100,96 @@ function ReceiptBody({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
         }
       }}
     >
-      <summary>查看已读内容</summary>
+      <summary>{text("查看已读内容")}</summary>
       {opened && (
         <div className="source-receipt-body">
           <header>
-            <span>已保存原文 · {source.display_name}</span>
+            <span>
+              {text("已保存原文")} · {source.display_name}
+            </span>
             <button
               type="button"
               className="quiet"
-              title="刷新已读内容"
-              aria-label="刷新已读内容"
+              title={text("刷新已读内容")}
+              aria-label={text("刷新已读内容")}
               disabled={loading}
               onClick={() => void load()}
             >
               <RefreshCw size={15} />
             </button>
           </header>
-          {loading && <p role="status">正在核对本机已保存记录…</p>}
-          {error && <p role="alert">{error}</p>}
+          {loading && <p role="status">{text("正在核对本机已保存记录…")}</p>}
+          {error && <p role="alert">{text(error)}</p>}
           {receipt && (
             <>
               <dl className="source-receipt-counts">
                 <div>
-                  <dt>原始消息</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("原始消息")}</dt>
+                  <dd>{receipt.messages.toLocaleString(locale)}</dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>会话</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.conversations.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("会话")}</dt>
+                  <dd>{receipt.conversations.toLocaleString(locale)}</dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>用户发言</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.person_messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("用户发言")}</dt>
+                  <dd>{receipt.person_messages.toLocaleString(locale)}</dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>Agent 发言</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.agent_messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("Agent 发言")}</dt>
+                  <dd>{receipt.agent_messages.toLocaleString(locale)}</dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>作者未知</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.unknown_author_messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("作者未知")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {receipt.unknown_author_messages.toLocaleString(locale)}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <dt>原始时间未知</dt>
-                  <dd>{receipt.unknown_time_messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                  <dt>{text("原始时间未知")}</dt>
+                  <dd>
+                    {receipt.unknown_time_messages.toLocaleString(locale)}
+                  </dd>
                 </div>
                 {receipt.tool_messages > 0 && (
                   <div>
-                    <dt>工具记录</dt>
-                    <dd>{receipt.tool_messages.toLocaleString()}</dd>
+                    <dt>{text("工具记录")}</dt>
+                    <dd>{receipt.tool_messages.toLocaleString(locale)}</dd>
                   </div>
                 )}
               </dl>
               <p className="source-receipt-note">
                 {receipt.unknown_time_messages > 0
-                  ? `${receipt.unknown_time_messages.toLocaleString()} 条记录没有原始时间，未用导入时间代替。`
-                  : "原始时间来自已保存记录。"}{" "}
-                作者数量按当前记录分类统计，不代表记忆抽取已完成或语义已核实。
+                  ? text("{count} 条记录没有原始时间，未用导入时间代替。", {
+                      count: count(receipt.unknown_time_messages),
+                    })
+                  : text("原始时间来自已保存记录。")}{" "}
+                {text(
+                  "作者数量按当前记录分类统计，不代表记忆抽取已完成或语义已核实。",
+                )}
               </p>
               <p className="source-receipt-meta">
-                统计于 {time(receipt.measured_at)}
+                {text("统计于 ")}
+                {time(receipt.measured_at, locale)}
                 {receipt.messages !== source.imported_messages
-                  ? " · 导入数量仍在更新，可刷新核对"
+                  ? text(" · 导入数量仍在更新，可刷新核对")
                   : ""}
               </p>
               {receipt.examples.length > 0 ? (
                 <section
                   className="source-receipt-examples"
-                  aria-label="已保存的原文样例"
+                  aria-label={text("已保存的原文样例")}
                 >
-                  <h3>已保存的原文样例</h3>
+                  <h3>{text("已保存的原文样例")}</h3>
                   <p className="source-receipt-meta">
-                    最多展示 3 段，不代表全部历史或推荐记忆。
+                    {text("最多展示 3 段，不代表全部历史或推荐记忆。")}
                   </p>
                   {receipt.examples.map((example) => (
                     <article key={example.evidence_id}>
                       <header>
                         <span>
-                          {author(example.written_by)} ·{" "}
-                          {time(example.created_at)}
+                          {text(author(example.written_by))} ·{" "}
+                          {time(example.created_at, locale)}
                         </span>
                         <button
                           type="button"
@@ -183,35 +197,37 @@ function ReceiptBody({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
                           onClick={() => void read(example.evidence_id)}
                         >
                           <FileText size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-                          查看完整对话
+                          {text("查看完整对话")}
                         </button>
                       </header>
                       <p className="source-receipt-quote">{example.excerpt}</p>
                       {example.truncated && (
-                        <small>原文较长，此处仅展示前 600 个字符。</small>
+                        <small>
+                          {text("原文较长，此处仅展示前 600 个字符。")}
+                        </small>
                       )}
                     </article>
                   ))}
                 </section>
               ) : (
-                <p>这个来源还没有保存原文。</p>
+                <p>{text("这个来源还没有保存原文。")}</p>
               )}
             </>
           )}
-          {reading && <p role="status">正在读取完整对话…</p>}
-          {readError && <p role="alert">{readError}</p>}
+          {reading && <p role="status">{text("正在读取完整对话…")}</p>}
+          {readError && <p role="alert">{text(readError)}</p>}
           {transcript && (
             <section
               className="source-receipt-conversation"
-              aria-label="完整对话"
+              aria-label={text("完整对话")}
             >
               <header>
-                <h3>完整对话</h3>
+                <h3>{text("完整对话")}</h3>
                 <button
                   type="button"
                   className="quiet"
-                  title="关闭完整对话"
-                  aria-label="关闭完整对话"
+                  title={text("关闭完整对话")}
+                  aria-label={text("关闭完整对话")}
                   onClick={() => {
                     conversationGeneration.current++;
                     setTranscript(null);
@@ -224,7 +240,8 @@ function ReceiptBody({ source }: { source: SourceResponse }) {
                 {transcript.messages.map((message) => (
                   <li key={message.evidence_id}>
                     <small>
-                      {author(message.written_by)} · {time(message.created_at)}
+                      {text(author(message.written_by))} ·{" "}
+                      {time(message.created_at, locale)}
                     </small>
                     <p>{message.verbatim}</p>
                   </li>
@@ -247,8 +264,8 @@ function author(value: string) {
         ? "工具"
         : "作者未知";
 }
-function time(value: string | null) {
+function time(value: string | null, locale: GuiLocale) {
   return value && Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value))
-    ? new Date(value).toLocaleString()
-    : "时间未知";
+    ? new Date(value).toLocaleString(locale)
+    : memoryText(locale, "时间未知");
 }

memhub/apps/web/src/Workbench.test.tsx

@@ -18,8 +18,40 @@ import {
 } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, LanguageProvider } from "./gui-language";
+import { OptionMenu } from "./OptionMenu";
+import { Answer, Workbench } from "./Workbench";
 
-import { Workbench } from "./Workbench";
+it("localiza la selección vacía del menú auxiliar", () => {
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <OptionMenu value="" options={[]} onChange={vi.fn()} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Selecciona una opción" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
+
+it("traduce la respuesta visible sin traducir la respuesta del modelo", () => {
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <Answer
+        answer={null}
+        streaming={{ text: "Respuesta 中文 opaca", memories: [] }}
+        onOpenMemory={vi.fn()}
+        onSaveAnswer={vi.fn()}
+        asPage={false}
+      />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByText("Respuesta 中文 opaca")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Se recuperaron 0 memorias")).toBeTruthy();
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
 
 const getConversation = vi.fn();
 
@@ -222,6 +254,49 @@ function mount(props: Partial<Parameters<typeof Workbench>[0]> = {}) {
   return { ...handlers, view };
 }
 
+it("localiza el espacio vacío y sus controles", () => {
+  window.localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  const props = {
+    memories: [],
+    graph: null,
+    sources: [],
+    processing: null,
+    loaded: true,
+    detail: null,
+    draft: "",
+    scopes: "",
+    busy: false,
+    answer: null,
+    streaming: null,
+    requestIds: { current: new Map() },
+    onDraft: vi.fn(),
+    onScopes: vi.fn(),
+    onOpenMemory: vi.fn(),
+    onCloseDetail: vi.fn(),
+    onSave: vi.fn(),
+    onAction: vi.fn(),
+    onSyncIndex: vi.fn(),
+    onAsk: vi.fn(),
+    onSaveAnswer: vi.fn(),
+    onBuildRelations: vi.fn(),
+    onConnect: vi.fn(),
+    onConfigureModel: vi.fn(),
+  };
+  render(
+    <LanguageProvider>
+      <Workbench {...props} />
+    </LanguageProvider>,
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByRole("navigation", { name: "Temas" })).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Autorizar una fuente" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(
+    screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Preguntar sobre este asunto" }),
+  ).toBeTruthy();
+  window.localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+});
+
 it("选中的图节点把记忆库与详情联到一起（图 → 列表 → 原文）", async () => {
   // The goal requires the graph, the memory list and the original text to be
   // linked in both directions. The list→graph direction is covered elsewhere
@@ -796,4 +871,36 @@ describe("按主题聚类", () => {
     expect(panel.textContent).toContain("同一个主题");
     expect(panel.textContent).not.toContain("原话来源");
   });
+
+  it("Core 送来未知的节点类型或连线来头时，仍然说得出一个词而不是留空", async () => {
+    const user = userEvent.setup();
+    mount({
+      graph: {
+        total_memories: 1,
+        projected_memories: 1,
+        hy_graph_available: false,
+        nodes: [
+          { node_id: "future:x", node_type: "future_kind", label: "新节点" },
+          { node_id: "memory:a", node_type: "memory", label: "统一走 axios" },
+        ],
+        edges: [
+          {
+            edge_id: "e1",
+            source_node_id: "future:x",
+            target_node_id: "memory:a",
+            relation: "related_to",
+            origin: "future_origin",
+          },
+        ],
+      } as unknown as MemoryGraphResponse,
+    });
+
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "新节点" }));
+
+    const panel = screen.getByLabelText("这个节点");
+    expect(panel.querySelector(".wb-status")?.textContent).toBe("记忆");
+    expect(panel.querySelector(".wb-trace-origin")?.textContent).toBe(
+      "原话来源",
+    );
+  });
 });

memhub/apps/web/src/Workbench.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type {
   SdkAskMemory,
   SourceResponse,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import { isMessageKey } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import { Check, PencilLine, RotateCcw, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
 import {
   type FormEvent,
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ import {
   useState,
 } from "react";
 import { getConversation } from "./api";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
 import { HandoffBar } from "./HandoffBar";
 import { MemoryGraph3D } from "./MemoryGraph3D";
-import { memoryProvenanceLabel } from "./MemoryRecallScope";
 import { extractionStateLabel } from "./memory-processing-labels";
 import {
   type Finding,
@@ -32,6 +33,10 @@ import {
 } from "./workbench-findings";
 import { singletonTags, tagCounts } from "./workbench-tags";
 
+type Translate = ReturnType<typeof useGuiLanguage>["t"];
+type TranslateCount = ReturnType<typeof useGuiLanguage>["tn"];
+type GuiLocale = ReturnType<typeof useGuiLanguage>["locale"];
+
 /** The memory tab: three columns over one graph.
  *
  * Left is what the memories are about, centre is how they relate and where
@@ -97,6 +102,7 @@ export function Workbench({
    * reuses the request id prepared for text the user has since replaced. */
   requestIds: RefObject<Map<string, string>>;
 }) {
+  const { locale, t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [matter, setMatter] = useState("");
   const [selectedNode, setSelectedNode] = useState<MemoryGraphNode | null>(
     null,
@@ -122,8 +128,14 @@ export function Workbench({
     [memories, matter],
   );
   const findings = useMemo(
-    () => findingsOf({ memories: inMatter, processing, now: new Date() }),
-    [inMatter, processing],
+    () =>
+      findingsOf({
+        memories: inMatter,
+        processing,
+        now: new Date(),
+        locale,
+      }),
+    [inMatter, processing, locale],
   );
   // Counted across the whole library, not this matter. A tag used once here
   // and once elsewhere is a tag used twice; scoping this to the matter would
@@ -137,8 +149,8 @@ export function Workbench({
     // fails. Keying the skeleton on null meant the one screen it existed for
     // never saw it.
     const drawn = graph ? narrow(graph, inMatter, matter) : null;
-    return drawn?.nodes.length ? drawn : skeleton(sources, graph);
-  }, [graph, inMatter, matter, sources]);
+    return drawn?.nodes.length ? drawn : skeleton(sources, graph, tn);
+  }, [graph, inMatter, matter, sources, tn]);
   const evidence = useMemo(
     () => orderEvidence(detail, highlighted, memories),
     [detail, highlighted, memories],
@@ -157,14 +169,16 @@ export function Workbench({
       setTranscript(await getConversation(evidenceId));
     } catch {
       setTranscript(null);
-      setTranscriptError("这段对话的原文已经不在库里了。");
+      setTranscriptError(t("wb.transcriptGone"));
     }
   }
 
   const nameOf = (sourceId: string | null) =>
     sources.find((item) => item.source_id === sourceId)?.display_name ??
     sourceId ??
-    "未知来源";
+    t("wb.unknownSource");
+  const matterLabel = (scope: string, label: string) =>
+    scope ? label : t("wb.all");
 
   return (
     <div className="workbench">
@@ -176,16 +190,16 @@ export function Workbench({
             belongs to — is a workspace scope, and its plaintext name lives on
             the evidence rows in Core; nothing here can recover it from the
             hash, so calling this column 事项 named something it was not. */}
-        <nav className="wb-matters" aria-label="主题">
-          <p className="wb-column-label">主题</p>
+        <nav className="wb-matters" aria-label={t("wb.topics")}>
+          <p className="wb-column-label">{t("wb.topics")}</p>
           {allTags.length ? (
             // Says the two numbers the column actually shows: how many
             // topics took shape, and how many tags did not. Reporting one
             // total meant reading "22 个主题标签" above six rows.
             <p className="wb-tag-tally">
               {onceOnly.size === 0
-                ? `${allTags.length - onceOnly.size} 个主题成形`
-                : `${allTags.length - onceOnly.size} 个主题成形，另有 ${onceOnly.size} 个标签只出现过一次`}
+                ? tn("wb.topicCount", allTags.length - onceOnly.size)
+                : `${tn("wb.topicCount", allTags.length - onceOnly.size)}${tn("wb.singletons", onceOnly.size)}`}
             </p>
           ) : null}
           {matters.map((item) => (
@@ -201,10 +215,12 @@ export function Workbench({
                   setTranscript(null);
                 }}
               >
-                {item.label}
+                {matterLabel(item.scope, item.label)}
                 <small>
-                  {item.memoryCount} 条记忆
-                  {item.sourceCount ? ` · ${item.sourceCount} 个来源` : ""}
+                  {tn("wb.memories", item.memoryCount)}
+                  {item.sourceCount
+                    ? ` · ${tn("wb.sources", item.sourceCount)}`
+                    : ""}
                 </small>
               </button>
               {/* The graph is a canvas: clicking a circle is a mouse-only
@@ -249,9 +265,7 @@ export function Workbench({
                               className="wb-tag"
                               data-once={onceOnly.has(tag) ? "true" : undefined}
                               title={
-                                onceOnly.has(tag)
-                                  ? "这个主题只出现在这一条上。可能是它只发生过一次，也可能是同一个主题被拆成了两个名字。"
-                                  : undefined
+                                onceOnly.has(tag) ? t("wb.once") : undefined
                               }
                             >
                               {tag}
@@ -270,14 +284,25 @@ export function Workbench({
         <div className="wb-stage">
           <div className="wb-graph" data-testid="workbench-graph">
             <p className="wb-graph-title">
-              {matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ?? "全部"}
-              {shown.nodes.length ? " 的关系图" : ""}
+              {shown.nodes.length
+                ? t("wb.graphTitle", {
+                    label: matterLabel(
+                      matter,
+                      matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ??
+                        t("wb.all"),
+                    ),
+                  })
+                : matterLabel(
+                    matter,
+                    matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ??
+                      t("wb.all"),
+                  )}
             </p>
             <div className="wb-graph-legend">
-              <span data-kind="memory">记忆</span>
-              <span data-kind="schema">HY 归纳</span>
-              <span data-kind="topic">主题</span>
-              <span data-kind="source">来源 App</span>
+              <span data-kind="memory">{t("wb.type.memory")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="schema">{t("wb.type.schema")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="topic">{t("wb.type.topic")}</span>
+              <span data-kind="source">{t("wb.type.source")}</span>
             </div>
             {/* Laid out by the row, not by offsets. Both were absolutely
                 positioned with a right edge each, and measuring them found
@@ -292,16 +317,16 @@ export function Workbench({
                   className="quiet"
                   disabled={busy}
                   onClick={() => {
-                    const label =
+                    const label = matterLabel(
+                      matter,
                       matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ??
-                      "全部";
-                    setPageOf(matter);
-                    onAsk(
-                      `把「${label}」这件事讲清楚：现在到哪一步了、已经定下来的有哪些、还有什么没定。`,
+                        t("wb.all"),
                     );
+                    setPageOf(matter);
+                    onAsk(t("wb.summaryPrompt", { label }));
                   }}
                 >
-                  读这个事项的综述
+                  {t("wb.readSummary")}
                 </button>
               ) : null}
               <button
@@ -310,7 +335,7 @@ export function Workbench({
                 disabled={busy || !graph?.nodes.length}
                 onClick={onBuildRelations}
               >
-                {busy ? "正在归纳…" : "用 HY Memory 生成关系"}
+                {busy ? t("wb.building") : t("wb.build")}
               </button>
             </div>
             {shown.nodes.length ? (
@@ -338,10 +363,16 @@ export function Workbench({
           </div>
           {graph?.nodes.length ? (
             <p className="wb-receipt">
-              画的是{" "}
-              {shown.nodes.filter((node) => node.node_type === "memory").length}{" "}
-              / 全部 {graph.total_memories} 条记忆
-              <span>{graphReceipt(shown)}</span>
+              {t("wb.drawn", {
+                shown: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(
+                  shown.nodes.filter((node) => node.node_type === "memory")
+                    .length,
+                ),
+                total: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(
+                  graph.total_memories,
+                ),
+              })}
+              <span>{graphReceipt(shown, t, tn)}</span>
             </p>
           ) : null}
 
@@ -351,9 +382,11 @@ export function Workbench({
             detail={detail}
             draft={draft}
             busy={busy}
-            matterLabel={
-              matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ?? "全部"
-            }
+            matterLabel={matterLabel(
+              matter,
+              matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ??
+                t("wb.all"),
+            )}
             onDraft={onDraft}
             onSave={onSave}
             onAction={onAction}
@@ -376,7 +409,7 @@ export function Workbench({
             }}
           >
             <div className="wb-chips">
-              {chipsFor(inMatter).map((chip) => (
+              {chipsFor(inMatter, t).map((chip) => (
                 <button
                   key={chip}
                   type="button"
@@ -392,13 +425,13 @@ export function Workbench({
             </div>
             <div className="wb-ask-row">
               <input
-                aria-label="就着这个事项提问"
-                placeholder="就着这个事项问，回答只用已确认的记忆"
+                aria-label={t("wb.askLabel")}
+                placeholder={t("wb.askPlaceholder")}
                 value={question}
                 onChange={(event) => setQuestion(event.target.value)}
               />
               <button type="submit" disabled={!question.trim()}>
-                问
+                {t("wb.ask")}
               </button>
             </div>
             {answer || streaming ? (
@@ -416,18 +449,20 @@ export function Workbench({
             memories={inMatter.filter(
               (memory) => memory.memory_id === detail?.memory.memory_id,
             )}
-            matterLabel={
-              matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ?? "全部"
-            }
+            matterLabel={matterLabel(
+              matter,
+              matters.find((item) => item.scope === matter)?.label ??
+                t("wb.all"),
+            )}
           />
         </div>
 
-        <aside className="wb-evidence" aria-label="原始对话">
-          <p className="wb-column-label">原始对话</p>
+        <aside className="wb-evidence" aria-label={t("wb.originals")}>
+          <p className="wb-column-label">{t("wb.originals")}</p>
           <p className="wb-evidence-note">
             {detail
-              ? `这条记忆出自下面 ${evidence.length} 段原话，按时间排`
-              : "点图上任意一个圈，这里显示它出自哪些原话"}
+              ? tn("wb.evidenceNote", evidence.length)
+              : t("wb.pickCircle")}
           </p>
           {evidence.map((item) => (
             <article
@@ -448,16 +483,19 @@ export function Workbench({
               >
                 <span className="wb-evidence-meta">
                   <b>{nameOf(item.source_id)}</b>
-                  <span>{when(item.created_at)}</span>
+                  <span>{when(item.created_at, locale, t)}</span>
                 </span>
                 {item.extraction_state &&
                 item.extraction_state !== "extracted" ? (
                   <small className="wb-evidence-state">
-                    {extractionStateLabel(item.extraction_state)}
+                    {localizedMemoryText(
+                      extractionStateLabel(item.extraction_state),
+                      t,
+                    )}
                   </small>
                 ) : null}
                 <span className="wb-evidence-excerpt">
-                  {item.available ? item.verbatim : "来源原话已不可读取"}
+                  {item.available ? item.verbatim : t("wb.unavailable")}
                 </span>
               </button>
               {openEvidence === item.evidence_id ? (
@@ -467,7 +505,7 @@ export function Workbench({
                     className="secondary"
                     onClick={() => void openTranscript(item.evidence_id)}
                   >
-                    看完整对话
+                    {t("wb.fullConversation")}
                   </button>
                   {transcriptError ? (
                     <p className="wb-transcript-error">{transcriptError}</p>
@@ -477,7 +515,9 @@ export function Workbench({
                       {transcript.messages.map((message) => (
                         <li key={message.evidence_id}>
                           <span className="wb-transcript-role">
-                            {message.written_by === "user" ? "你" : "助手"}
+                            {message.written_by === "user"
+                              ? t("wb.you")
+                              : t("wb.assistant")}
                           </span>
                           {message.verbatim}
                         </li>
@@ -489,18 +529,16 @@ export function Workbench({
             </article>
           ))}
           {!detail && !memories.length && loaded ? (
-            <p className="wb-evidence-note">
-              还没有记忆。已经导入的原话可以在「历史对话」里直接搜。
-            </p>
+            <p className="wb-evidence-note">{t("wb.noMemories")}</p>
           ) : null}
         </aside>
       </div>
 
       {processing?.blocked_stages.length ? (
         <p className="wb-floor">
-          有对话排在队里等一个条件。原文已经在库里，随时搜得到。
+          {t("wb.waiting")}
           <button type="button" className="quiet" onClick={onConfigureModel}>
-            去看看缺什么
+            {t("wb.conditions")}
           </button>
         </p>
       ) : null}
@@ -515,12 +553,13 @@ function Findings({
   findings: Finding[];
   onPick(finding: Finding): void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   if (!findings.length) return null;
   return (
-    <section className="wb-findings" aria-label="我替你看出这几件事">
+    <section className="wb-findings" aria-label={t("wb.findings")}>
       <div className="wb-findings-head">
-        <b>我替你看出这几件事</b>
-        <span>都是本机记录算出来的，点一条会在图上标出它依据的记忆</span>
+        <b>{t("wb.findings")}</b>
+        <span>{t("wb.findingsNote")}</span>
       </div>
       {findings.map((finding) => (
         <div key={finding.id} className="wb-finding">
@@ -534,7 +573,7 @@ function Findings({
                 className="quiet wb-finding-link"
                 onClick={() => onPick(finding)}
               >
-                在图上看
+                {t("wb.showGraph")}
               </button>
             ) : null}
           </div>
@@ -575,19 +614,24 @@ export function NodeDetail({
   onClose(): void;
   compact?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { locale, t } = useGuiLanguage();
   const [editing, setEditing] = useState(!compact);
   const formId = useId();
   if (detail) {
     const memory = detail.memory;
     return (
-      <article className="wb-detail" aria-label="这条记忆">
+      <article className="wb-detail" aria-label={t("wb.memory")}>
         <div className="wb-detail-head">
           <span className={`wb-status s-${memory.status}`}>
-            {statusLabel(memory.status)}
+            {statusLabel(memory.status, t)}
+          </span>
+          <span className="wb-detail-rev">
+            {t("wb.revision", {
+              revision: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(memory.revision),
+            })}
           </span>
-          <span className="wb-detail-rev">第 {memory.revision} 版</span>
           <button type="button" className="quiet" onClick={onClose}>
-            收起
+            {t("wb.collapse")}
           </button>
         </div>
         {detail.index_sync?.status === "pending" ? (
@@ -595,13 +639,13 @@ export function NodeDetail({
           // the memory here reads correctly and search does not, and nobody
           // would guess that from a sync badge.
           <p className="notice" role="status">
-            搜索里还是改之前那句话。
+            {t("wb.oldSearch")}
             {detail.index_sync.last_error_code ===
             "hy_memory_update_rejected" ? (
               // HY has no such memory to re-embed, so retrying cannot end
               // differently. Offering the button anyway would have the user
               // pressing it until they gave up.
-              "HY Memory 里没有这条记忆，重试也补不上。"
+              t("wb.missingIndex")
             ) : (
               <button
                 type="button"
@@ -609,7 +653,7 @@ export function NodeDetail({
                 disabled={busy}
                 onClick={onSyncIndex}
               >
-                重试同步
+                {t("wb.retrySync")}
               </button>
             )}
           </p>
@@ -618,15 +662,15 @@ export function NodeDetail({
           <p className="map-memory-reading">{memory.content}</p>
         )}
         {compact && !editing && (
-          <p className="map-origin">{memoryProvenanceLabel(detail)}</p>
+          <p className="map-origin">{localizedProvenance(detail, t)}</p>
         )}
         {editing && memory.status === "confirmed" ? (
-          <form id={formId} onSubmit={onSave} aria-label="纠正记忆内容">
+          <form id={formId} onSubmit={onSave} aria-label={t("wb.correctForm")}>
             <label>
-              记忆内容
+              {t("wb.content")}
               <textarea
                 name="memory-content"
-                aria-label="记忆内容"
+                aria-label={t("wb.content")}
                 autoComplete="off"
                 required
                 rows={3}
@@ -647,13 +691,13 @@ export function NodeDetail({
               onClick={() => setEditing(true)}
             >
               <PencilLine size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-              纠正
+              {t("wb.correct")}
             </button>
           )}
           {editing && memory.status === "confirmed" ? (
             <button type="submit" form={formId} disabled={busy}>
               <Check size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-              保存纠正
+              {t("wb.saveCorrection")}
             </button>
           ) : null}
           {compact && editing && (
@@ -667,7 +711,7 @@ export function NodeDetail({
                 setEditing(false);
               }}
             >
-              取消编辑
+              {t("wb.cancelEdit")}
             </button>
           )}
           {detail.history.length > 1 && memory.status !== "deleted" ? (
@@ -676,8 +720,8 @@ export function NodeDetail({
               className="secondary"
               disabled={busy}
               onClick={() => onAction("undo")}
-              title="撤销上次修改"
-              aria-label="撤销上次修改"
+              title={t("wb.undo")}
+              aria-label={t("wb.undo")}
             >
               <RotateCcw size={15} aria-hidden="true" />
             </button>
@@ -690,7 +734,7 @@ export function NodeDetail({
               onClick={() => onAction("delete")}
             >
               <Trash2 size={14} aria-hidden="true" />
-              删除
+              {t("wb.delete")}
             </button>
           ) : null}
         </div>
@@ -702,24 +746,28 @@ export function NodeDetail({
     const trace = graph ? traceFrom(graph, node.node_id, 2) : [];
     const direct = trace.filter((step) => step.hop === 1);
     return (
-      <article className="wb-detail" aria-label="这个节点">
+      <article className="wb-detail" aria-label={t("wb.node")}>
         <div className="wb-detail-head">
-          <span className="wb-status">{nodeTypeLabel(node.node_type)}</span>
+          <span className="wb-status">{nodeTypeLabel(node.node_type, t)}</span>
           <strong>{node.label}</strong>
         </div>
         <p className="wb-detail-note">
-          这不是一条记忆，是记忆挂靠的东西。直接关系 {direct.length} 条，
-          两跳可达 {trace.length - direct.length} 条。
+          {t("wb.nodeNote", {
+            direct: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(direct.length),
+            indirect: new Intl.NumberFormat(locale).format(
+              trace.length - direct.length,
+            ),
+          })}
         </p>
         <ul className="wb-trace">
           {trace.slice(0, 8).map((step) => (
             <li key={`${step.edge.edge_id}:${step.hop}`}>
               <span className="wb-trace-hop">
-                {step.hop === 1 ? "直接" : "两跳"}
+                {step.hop === 1 ? t("wb.direct") : t("wb.twoHops")}
               </span>
-              {relationLabel(step.edge.relation)} · {step.node.label}
+              {relationLabel(step.edge.relation, t)} · {step.node.label}
               <span className="wb-trace-origin">
-                {edgeOriginLabel(step.edge.origin)}
+                {edgeOriginLabel(step.edge.origin, t)}
               </span>
             </li>
           ))}
@@ -729,13 +777,11 @@ export function NodeDetail({
   }
 
   return (
-    <article className="wb-detail wb-detail-idle" aria-label="这个事项">
+    <article className="wb-detail wb-detail-idle" aria-label={t("wb.matter")}>
       <div className="wb-detail-head">
         <strong>{matterLabel}</strong>
       </div>
-      <p className="wb-detail-note">
-        图上的圈是记忆，线是它们被同一段对话提到过。选中一个，这里会变成它的来历和改法。左边换一个事项，图跟着换。
-      </p>
+      <p className="wb-detail-note">{t("wb.idle")}</p>
     </article>
   );
 }
@@ -771,6 +817,7 @@ export function Answer({
   asPage: boolean;
   suspended?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t, tn } = useGuiLanguage();
   const shownMemories = (answer ?? streaming)?.memories ?? [];
   // Only a finished answer, and only one that stands on something. Filing
   // back what a stream is halfway through writing would keep a sentence that
@@ -785,11 +832,18 @@ export function Answer({
     groundedAnswer.answer.length > ANSWER_AS_MEMORY_LIMIT;
   return (
     <div className="wb-answer" aria-live="polite">
-      <p>{answer ? answer.answer : streaming?.text || "正在检索记忆…"}</p>
+      <p>{answer ? answer.answer : streaming?.text || t("wb.searching")}</p>
       <p className="wb-answer-source">
         {answer
-          ? `${answer.mode === "generated" ? "模型综合" : answer.mode === "extractive" ? "原文摘录" : "没有命中"} · 依据 ${shownMemories.length} 条已确认记忆`
-          : `已召回 ${shownMemories.length} 条`}
+          ? tn("wb.answerSource", shownMemories.length, {
+              mode:
+                answer.mode === "generated"
+                  ? t("wb.generated")
+                  : answer.mode === "extractive"
+                    ? t("wb.extractive")
+                    : t("wb.noHit"),
+            })
+          : tn("wb.recalled", shownMemories.length)}
       </p>
       {groundedAnswer && !tooLong ? (
         <button
@@ -808,23 +862,17 @@ export function Answer({
             })
           }
         >
-          存为记忆
+          {t("wb.saveMemory")}
         </button>
       ) : null}
-      {tooLong ? (
-        <p className="wb-answer-source">
-          这个回答太长，超过当前保存上限，暂不能存为记忆。
-        </p>
-      ) : null}
+      {tooLong ? <p className="wb-answer-source">{t("wb.tooLong")}</p> : null}
       {asPage ? (
         // Not offered as a memory, and said out loud why. A synthesis is
         // rebuilt from the memories under it every time it is read, which is
         // the only reason it is safe to let a model write it: a stored
         // summary drifts from what it summarised and nothing notices, and a
         // rebuilt one cannot.
-        <p className="wb-answer-source">
-          这是综述，不是记忆。每次都会重新生成，所以它不会和下面这些记忆走散。
-        </p>
+        <p className="wb-answer-source">{t("wb.summary")}</p>
       ) : null}
       <ol>
         {shownMemories.map((memory) => (
@@ -843,7 +891,7 @@ export function Answer({
         <HandoffBar
           memories={shownMemories}
           suspended={suspended}
-          matterLabel="这次回答"
+          matterLabel={t("wb.thisAnswer")}
           answerText={answer.answer}
         />
       )}
@@ -858,22 +906,21 @@ function EmptyStage({
   loaded: boolean;
   onConnect(): void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useGuiLanguage();
   if (!loaded) {
     return (
       <div className="wb-graph-empty">
-        <p>正在读取记忆…</p>
-        <small>本地 Core 启动后会自动出现，不用刷新。</small>
+        <p>{t("wb.loading")}</p>
+        <small>{t("wb.coreStarting")}</small>
       </div>
     );
   }
   return (
     <div className="wb-graph-empty">
-      <p>这里还没有东西可以连起来。</p>
-      <small>
-        授权一个来源之后，先出现的是来源和主题的骨架，记忆会陆续挂上去。
-      </small>
+      <p>{t("wb.nothingToConnect")}</p>
+      <small>{t("wb.skeletonNote")}</small>
       <button type="button" onClick={onConnect}>
-        去授权一个来源
+        {t("wb.authorize")}
       </button>
     </div>
   );
@@ -912,6 +959,7 @@ function narrow(
 function skeleton(
   sources: SourceResponse[],
   graph: MemoryGraphResponse | null,
+  tn: TranslateCount,
 ): MemoryGraphResponse {
   const withHistory = sources.filter(
     (item) => item.authorized && item.imported_conversations > 0,
@@ -923,7 +971,10 @@ function skeleton(
     nodes: withHistory.map((item) => ({
       node_id: `source:${item.source_id}`,
       node_type: "source" as const,
-      label: `${item.display_name} · ${item.imported_conversations} 段`,
+      label: `${item.display_name} · ${tn(
+        "wb.conversations",
+        item.imported_conversations,
+      )}`,
       memory_id: null,
       source_id: item.source_id,
       kind: null,
@@ -971,34 +1022,46 @@ function evidenceOf(
 
 /** Questions built from what is actually in this matter, so a chip never
  * offers to answer something there is no record of. */
-function chipsFor(memories: GovernedMemory[]): string[] {
+function chipsFor(memories: GovernedMemory[], t: Translate): string[] {
   if (!memories.length) return [];
-  const chips = ["这里最近有什么变化"];
-  if (memories.length >= 3) chips.push("把这些归纳成几条");
+  const chips = [t("wb.chipChanges")];
+  if (memories.length >= 3) chips.push(t("wb.chipSummarize"));
   return chips;
 }
 
-function when(iso: string | null): string {
-  if (!iso) return "时间不明";
+function when(iso: string | null, locale: GuiLocale, t: Translate): string {
+  if (!iso) return t("wb.unknownTime");
   const at = new Date(iso);
-  if (Number.isNaN(at.getTime())) return "时间不明";
-  return `${at.getMonth() + 1}/${at.getDate()} ${String(at.getHours()).padStart(2, "0")}:${String(at.getMinutes()).padStart(2, "0")}`;
+  if (Number.isNaN(at.getTime())) return t("wb.unknownTime");
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
+    month: "2-digit",
+    day: "2-digit",
+    hour: "2-digit",
+    minute: "2-digit",
+  }).format(at);
 }
 
-function statusLabel(status: GovernedMemory["status"]): string {
-  if (status === "confirmed") return "已可用";
-  if (status === "superseded") return "已被取代";
-  return "已删除";
+function statusLabel(status: GovernedMemory["status"], t: Translate): string {
+  if (status === "confirmed") return t("wb.available");
+  if (status === "superseded") return t("wb.superseded");
+  return t("wb.deleted");
 }
 
-function nodeTypeLabel(type: MemoryGraphNode["node_type"]): string {
-  if (type === "source") return "来源 App";
-  if (type === "topic") return "主题";
-  if (type === "schema") return "HY 归纳";
-  return "记忆";
+function nodeTypeLabel(
+  type: MemoryGraphNode["node_type"],
+  t: Translate,
+): string {
+  if (type === "source") return t("wb.type.source");
+  if (type === "topic") return t("wb.type.topic");
+  if (type === "schema") return t("wb.type.schema");
+  return t("wb.type.memory");
 }
 
-function graphReceipt(graph: MemoryGraphResponse): string {
+function graphReceipt(
+  graph: MemoryGraphResponse,
+  t: Translate,
+  tn: TranslateCount,
+): string {
   const counts = {
     provenance: 0,
     same_conversation: 0,
@@ -1007,43 +1070,91 @@ function graphReceipt(graph: MemoryGraphResponse): string {
   };
   for (const edge of graph.edges) counts[edge.origin] += 1;
   const parts = [
-    `原话来源 ${counts.provenance} 条`,
-    `同一次对话 ${counts.same_conversation} 条`,
+    tn("wb.edgeCount", counts.provenance, {
+      label: t("wb.origin.provenance"),
+    }),
+    tn("wb.edgeCount", counts.same_conversation, {
+      label: t("wb.origin.same_conversation"),
+    }),
   ];
   // Only mentioned once there is one. A young library has no shared tag yet,
   // and a line reading 0 would be one more thing to read past.
-  if (counts.shared_tag > 0) parts.push(`同一个主题 ${counts.shared_tag} 条`);
+  if (counts.shared_tag > 0)
+    parts.push(
+      tn("wb.edgeCount", counts.shared_tag, {
+        label: t("wb.origin.shared_tag"),
+      }),
+    );
   if (counts.hy_relation > 0) {
-    parts.push(`HY Memory 归纳 ${counts.hy_relation} 条`);
+    parts.push(
+      tn("wb.edgeCount", counts.hy_relation, {
+        label: t("wb.origin.hy_relation"),
+      }),
+    );
     return parts.join(" · ");
   }
   parts.push(
-    graph.hy_graph_available
-      ? "HY Memory 还没归纳出关系，点击上方按钮运行 System 2"
-      : "还没配置可用模型，无法读取 HY Memory 的归纳关系",
+    graph.hy_graph_available ? t("wb.noRelations") : t("wb.noModelRelations"),
   );
   return parts.join(" · ");
 }
-function edgeOriginLabel(origin: MemoryGraphEdge["origin"]): string {
-  if (origin === "hy_relation") return "HY Memory 归纳";
-  if (origin === "same_conversation") return "同一次对话";
+function edgeOriginLabel(
+  origin: MemoryGraphEdge["origin"],
+  t: Translate,
+): string {
+  if (origin === "hy_relation") return t("wb.origin.hy_relation");
+  if (origin === "same_conversation") return t("wb.origin.same_conversation");
   // Named before the fallthrough. The chain ends in 原话来源, so a missing
   // case here is not an error — it is a line that says the wrong thing.
-  if (origin === "shared_tag") return "同一个主题";
-  return "原话来源";
+  if (origin === "shared_tag") return t("wb.origin.shared_tag");
+  return t("wb.origin.provenance");
 }
 
 /** Walk out from one node so each drawn line can be checked by hand. */
-function relationLabel(relation: string): string {
-  const labels: Record<string, string> = {
-    evidence_source: "来源于",
-    same_conversation: "同一次对话",
-    shared_tag: "同一个主题",
-    derived_from: "归纳自",
-    tagged_with: "属于主题",
-    related_to: "相关",
+function relationLabel(relation: string, t: Translate): string {
+  const labels: Record<string, Parameters<Translate>[0]> = {
+    evidence_source: "wb.relation.evidence_source",
+    same_conversation: "wb.relation.same_conversation",
+    shared_tag: "wb.relation.shared_tag",
+    derived_from: "wb.relation.derived_from",
+    tagged_with: "wb.relation.tagged_with",
+    related_to: "wb.relation.related_to",
   };
-  return labels[relation] ?? relation.replaceAll("_", " ");
+  const key = labels[relation];
+  return key ? t(key) : relation.replaceAll("_", " ");
+}
+
+function localizedProvenance(detail: MemoryDetail, t: Translate): string {
+  const evidence = detail.evidence.filter((item) => item.available);
+  if (
+    evidence.length &&
+    evidence.every((item) => item.source_id === "memory-content-export")
+  ) {
+    const authors = new Set(
+      evidence.map((item) => item.written_by ?? "unknown"),
+    );
+    const author =
+      authors.size !== 1
+        ? t("provenance.multiple")
+        : authors.has("person")
+          ? t("provenance.person")
+          : authors.has("agent")
+            ? t("provenance.agent")
+            : t("provenance.unknown");
+    return t("provenance.imported", { author });
+  }
+  return detail.memory.origin === "manual"
+    ? t("provenance.manual")
+    : detail.memory.origin === "answered"
+      ? t("provenance.answered")
+      : detail.memory.origin === "agent"
+        ? t("provenance.generated")
+        : t("provenance.conversation");
+}
+
+function localizedMemoryText(text: string, t: Translate): string {
+  const key = `memory:${text}`;
+  return isMessageKey(key) ? t(key) : text;
 }
 
 /** Two numbers rather than one total.

memhub/apps/web/src/application-detail.css

@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@
   display: inline-flex;
   align-items: center;
   gap: 8px;
-  white-space: nowrap;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+  text-align: end;
   cursor: pointer;
 }
 .r6-app-detail-status .r6-button-spinner {
@@ -213,7 +215,20 @@
     padding: 20px 16px;
   }
   .r6-app-settings {
-    padding: 0 18px;
+    padding: 0;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .r6-app-detail > .r6-button:first-of-type {
+    position: static;
+    width: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+  }
+  .r6-app-detail > header {
+    margin: 24px 0;
+    min-width: 0;
+  }
+  .r6-app-detail > header h2 {
+    overflow-wrap: anywhere;
   }
 }
 @media (prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce) {

memhub/apps/web/src/applications-home.css

@@ -339,7 +339,9 @@
   min-width: 0;
 }
 .r6-home-apps > header {
-  height: 56px;
+  min-height: 56px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  padding-block: 8px;
 }
 button.r6-home-expand {
   padding: 8px;
@@ -411,18 +413,19 @@ button.r6-home-expand:active:not(:disabled) {
   flex: 0 0 auto;
 }
 .r6-home-app-row {
-  height: 96px;
+  min-height: 96px;
   box-sizing: border-box;
   border-bottom: 1px solid #d0dde5;
 }
 .r6-home[data-expanded="true"] .r6-home-app-row {
-  height: 112px;
+  min-height: 112px;
 }
 .r6-home-row-content {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
   gap: 20px;
-  height: 100%;
+  min-height: inherit;
+  padding-block: 12px;
 }
 .r6-home-app-row img,
 .r6-home-row-content > svg {
@@ -447,6 +450,8 @@ button.r6-home-expand:active:not(:disabled) {
 }
 .r6-home-app-row .r6-home-app-meta {
   width: 220px;
+  max-width: 30%;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
   flex-shrink: 0;
   margin: 0;
   text-align: right;
@@ -456,8 +461,9 @@ button.r6-home-expand:active:not(:disabled) {
 }
 .r6-home-app-row .r6-button {
   min-width: 78px;
-  min-height: 26px;
-  height: 26px;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  min-height: 32px;
+  height: auto;
   padding: 0;
   font-size: 12px;
 }
@@ -510,7 +516,20 @@ button.r6-home-expand:focus-visible,
     padding: 0 18px 12px;
   }
   .r6-home-row-content {
-    gap: 12px;
+    display: grid;
+    grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
+    gap: 8px 12px;
+  }
+  .r6-home-app-row .r6-home-app-meta {
+    grid-column: 2;
+    grid-row: 2;
+    width: auto;
+    max-width: none;
+    text-align: left;
+  }
+  .r6-home-row-content > .r6-button {
+    grid-column: 3;
+    grid-row: 1 / 3;
   }
   .r6-home-heading {
     flex-wrap: wrap;

memhub/apps/web/src/applications-language.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import {
+  type GuiLocale,
+  isMessageKey,
+  type MessageKey,
+  translate,
+  translateCount,
+} from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import { useGuiLanguage } from "./gui-language";
+
+// Presentation-only adapter over the shared "apps." catalog: never translate
+// imported content, names or error codes.
+type Namespaced = Extract<MessageKey, `apps.${string}`>;
+export type ApplicationsMessage = Namespaced extends `apps.${infer Key}`
+  ? Key extends `${string}.one`
+    ? never
+    : Key
+  : never;
+
+export function applicationsText(
+  locale: GuiLocale,
+  key: ApplicationsMessage,
+  params?: Record<string, string | number>,
+): string {
+  const full = `apps.${key}` as const;
+  if (!isMessageKey(full)) return key;
+  return typeof params?.count === "number"
+    ? translateCount(locale, full, params.count, params)
+    : translate(locale, full, params);
+}
+export function useApplicationsLanguage() {
+  const { locale } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return {
+    locale,
+    a: (key: ApplicationsMessage, params?: Record<string, string | number>) =>
+      applicationsText(locale, key, params),
+  };
+}

memhub/apps/web/src/call-history-client.test.ts

@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@ vi.mock("./api", () => ({
 
 import {
   type CallEvent,
+  callDeliveryLabel,
   callDetailHeadline,
   callEventHeadline,
+  callHostName,
+  callReturnDeliveryLabel,
   callRowDetail,
   callRowHeadline,
   clearAllCallEvents,
@@ -59,6 +62,32 @@ beforeEach(() => {
   vi.resetAllMocks();
   fake.list.mockResolvedValue(structuredClone(page));
 });
+it("traduce entrega y límites sin atribuir adopción ni alterar anfitriones desconocidos", () => {
+  const delivered = {
+    ...event,
+    host_id: "Aplicación 中文",
+    delivery: "delivered" as const,
+  };
+  expect(callDeliveryLabel(delivered, "es")).toBe(
+    "Entregado a Aplicación 中文",
+  );
+  expect(callDeliveryLabel(delivered)).toBe("已提供给 Aplicación 中文");
+  expect(callDeliveryLabel(event, "es")).toBe("");
+  expect(callReturnDeliveryLabel(event, "es")).toBe("");
+  expect(
+    callReturnDeliveryLabel({ ...delivered, state: "timed_out" }, "es"),
+  ).toContain("Aplicación 中文 respondió sin memorias");
+  expect(
+    callReturnDeliveryLabel({ ...event, state: "denied" }, "es"),
+  ).toContain("No se entregaron memorias");
+  expect(callReturnDeliveryLabel({ ...event, state: "partial" }, "es")).toBe(
+    "Parte del contenido sigue procesándose.",
+  );
+  expect(callReturnDeliveryLabel({ ...event, state: "unavailable" })).toBe(
+    "MemHub 暂时不可用，这次回答没有带上记忆。",
+  );
+});
+
 it("reads exact bounded history and current reference metadata", async () => {
   expect(await getCallHistory()).toEqual(page);
   expect(fake.list).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith({ limit: 20, offset: 0 });
@@ -199,3 +228,29 @@ it.each(
   fake.references.mockResolvedValue(refs);
   await expect(getCallReferences(event)).rejects.toThrow();
 });
+it("names a direct (host_id null) call in the locale it receives", () => {
+  const direct: CallEvent = { ...event, host_id: null, state: "empty" };
+  expect(callHostName(null, "es")).toBe("Consulta directa (diagnóstico)");
+  expect(callHostName(null)).toBe("直接调用（诊断）");
+  expect(callEventHeadline(direct, undefined, "es")).toBe(
+    "Consulta directa (diagnóstico) no encontró memorias relacionadas",
+  );
+  expect(callDetailHeadline(direct, undefined, "es")).toBe(
+    "Consulta directa (diagnóstico) no encontró memorias relacionadas",
+  );
+  const delivered: CallEvent = {
+    ...direct,
+    state: "grounded",
+    delivery: "delivered",
+  };
+  expect(callRowDetail(delivered, "es")).toBe(
+    "Entregado a Consulta directa (diagnóstico)",
+  );
+  for (const text of [
+    callEventHeadline(direct, undefined, "es"),
+    callRowDetail(delivered, "es"),
+  ])
+    expect(text).not.toMatch(/[\u4e00-\u9fff。（）]/);
+  // Unknown host ids are names, never catalog keys.
+  expect(callHostName("toString", "es")).toBe("toString");
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/call-history-client.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+import {
+  type GuiLocale,
+  type MessageKey,
+  plainCount,
+  translate,
+  translateCount,
+} from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import {
   clearAllCallEventsRequest,
   clearCallEventsRequest,
@@ -47,12 +54,6 @@ export interface CallHistoryPage {
   retention_days: number | null;
   max_events: number | null;
 }
-export const CALL_TOOLS: Record<CallEvent["tool"], string> = {
-  om_recall: "查记忆",
-  om_conversations: "查记忆",
-  om_ask: "查记忆",
-  om_matters: "查记忆",
-};
 export const CALL_HOSTS: Record<string, string> = {
   cursor: "Cursor",
   codex: "Codex",
@@ -64,60 +65,91 @@ export const CALL_HOSTS: Record<string, string> = {
   pi: "Pi",
   "deepseek-harness": "DeepSeek Harness",
 };
-export function callHostName(id: string | null) {
-  return id === null ? "直接调用（诊断）" : (CALL_HOSTS[id] ?? id);
+export function callHostName(id: string | null, locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN") {
+  return id === null
+    ? translate(locale, "calls.directHost")
+    : Object.hasOwn(CALL_HOSTS, id)
+      ? CALL_HOSTS[id]
+      : id;
 }
+const HEADLINES = {
+  timed_out: "calls.headline.timedOut",
+  unavailable: "calls.headline.unavailable",
+  denied: "calls.headline.denied",
+  empty: "calls.headline.empty",
+} as const satisfies Partial<Record<CallEvent["state"], MessageKey>>;
+/** The host defaults to its name in the same locale as the sentence. */
 export function callEventHeadline(
   item: CallEvent,
-  host = callHostName(item.host_id),
+  host?: string,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
 ) {
+  const name = host ?? callHostName(item.host_id, locale);
+  const fixed = HEADLINES[item.state as keyof typeof HEADLINES];
+  if (fixed) return translate(locale, fixed, { host: name });
   const count = item.raw_count + item.memory_count;
-  if (item.state === "timed_out") return `${host} 这次没来得及查到记忆`;
-  if (item.state === "unavailable") return `${host} 暂时无法查记忆`;
-  if (item.state === "denied") return `${host} 未获准查记忆`;
-  if (item.state === "empty") return `${host} 没有查到相关记忆`;
-  return `${host} 查到 ${count} 条相关内容`;
+  return translateCount(locale, "calls.headline.found", count, {
+    host: name,
+    count: plainCount(locale, count),
+  });
 }
-export function callRowHeadline(item: CallEvent) {
-  return callEventHeadline(item);
+export function callRowHeadline(item: CallEvent, locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN") {
+  return callEventHeadline(item, undefined, locale);
 }
-export function callRowDetail(item: CallEvent) {
-  const host = callHostName(item.host_id);
-  if (item.state === "timed_out")
-    return "后台正在整理记忆，查询超时，这次回答没有带上记忆";
-  if (item.state === "unavailable")
-    return "One Memory 暂时不可用，这次回答没有带上记忆";
-  if (item.state === "denied") return "当前授权不允许这次查询";
-  if (item.state === "partial") {
-    return item.delivery === "delivered"
-      ? `已提供给 ${host} · 部分内容还在整理中`
-      : "部分内容还在整理中";
-  }
-  if (item.delivery === "delivered") return `已提供给 ${host}`;
-  if (item.delivery === "not_delivered") return "没有提供给应用";
-  return item.state === "empty" ? "这次没有找到相关记忆" : "查询成功";
+export function callRowDetail(item: CallEvent, locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN") {
+  const host = callHostName(item.host_id, locale);
+  const key: MessageKey =
+    item.state === "timed_out"
+      ? "calls.detail.timedOut"
+      : item.state === "unavailable"
+        ? "calls.detail.unavailable"
+        : item.state === "denied"
+          ? "calls.detail.denied"
+          : item.state === "partial"
+            ? item.delivery === "delivered"
+              ? "calls.detail.partialDelivered"
+              : "calls.detail.partial"
+            : item.delivery === "delivered"
+              ? "calls.detail.delivered"
+              : item.delivery === "not_delivered"
+                ? "calls.detail.notDelivered"
+                : item.state === "empty"
+                  ? "calls.detail.empty"
+                  : "calls.detail.success";
+  return translate(locale, key, { host });
 }
 export function callDetailHeadline(
   item: CallEvent,
-  host = callHostName(item.host_id),
+  host?: string,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
 ) {
-  return callEventHeadline(item, host);
+  return callEventHeadline(item, host, locale);
 }
-export function callDeliveryLabel(item: CallEvent) {
+export function callDeliveryLabel(
+  item: CallEvent,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
+) {
   if (item.delivery === "delivered")
-    return `已提供给 ${callHostName(item.host_id)}`;
-  if (item.delivery === "not_delivered") return "没有提供给应用";
+    return translate(locale, "calls.detail.delivered", {
+      host: callHostName(item.host_id, locale),
+    });
+  if (item.delivery === "not_delivered")
+    return translate(locale, "calls.detail.notDelivered");
   return "";
 }
-export function callReturnDeliveryLabel(item: CallEvent) {
-  const host = callHostName(item.host_id);
-  if (item.state === "timed_out")
-    return `One Memory 正在导入和整理你的记忆，这次没能及时查完，所以 ${host} 这次是在没有记忆的情况下回答的。整理完成后会恢复正常。`;
-  if (item.state === "unavailable")
-    return "One Memory 暂时不可用，这次回答没有带上记忆。";
-  if (item.state === "denied")
-    return "当前授权不允许这次查询，没有向应用提供记忆。";
-  if (item.state === "partial") return "部分内容还在整理中。";
+export function callReturnDeliveryLabel(
+  item: CallEvent,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
+) {
+  if (
+    item.state === "timed_out" ||
+    item.state === "unavailable" ||
+    item.state === "denied" ||
+    item.state === "partial"
+  )
+    return translate(locale, `calls.return.${item.state}`, {
+      host: callHostName(item.host_id, locale),
+    });
   return "";
 }
 const UUID = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/;

memhub/apps/web/src/call-history.css

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
   line-height: 45px;
 }
 .call-history-back.r6-button {
-  width: 132px;
+  width: auto;
+  min-width: 132px;
 }
 .call-history .r6-button-label {
   display: inline-flex;
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@
 }
 .call-history-actions {
   display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
   align-items: center;
   justify-content: flex-end;
   gap: 12px;

memhub/apps/web/src/clock-stamp.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+import { clockStamp } from "./clock-stamp";
+
+// Controlled clock and zone: "now" is 2026-09-20 14:30 in Buenos Aires.
+const NOW = "2026-09-20T17:30:00Z";
+const previousTz = process.env.TZ;
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  process.env.TZ = "America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires";
+  vi.useFakeTimers();
+  vi.setSystemTime(new Date(NOW));
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.useRealTimers();
+  if (previousTz === undefined) delete process.env.TZ;
+  else process.env.TZ = previousTz;
+});
+
+describe("clockStamp", () => {
+  it.each([null, undefined, "", "not a date"])(
+    "reports an unknown time for %j",
+    (value) => {
+      expect(clockStamp(value)).toBe("时间未知");
+      expect(clockStamp(value, "zh-CN")).toBe("时间未知");
+      expect(clockStamp(value, "es")).toBe("Hora desconocida");
+    },
+  );
+
+  it("says today in the requested language, in the local zone", () => {
+    // 12:05 UTC is 09:05 local on the same day.
+    const value = "2026-09-20T12:05:00Z";
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "es")).toBe("Hoy 09:05");
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "zh-CN")).toBe("今天 09:05");
+  });
+
+  it("defaults to Chinese", () => {
+    expect(clockStamp("2026-09-20T12:05:00Z")).toBe("今天 09:05");
+  });
+
+  it("uses the local day, not the UTC day", () => {
+    // 02:00 UTC on the 20th is still the 19th in Buenos Aires.
+    const value = "2026-09-20T02:00:00Z";
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "es")).not.toMatch(/^Hoy/);
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "zh-CN")).not.toMatch(/^今天/);
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "es")).toBe(
+      new Intl.DateTimeFormat("es", {
+        month: "2-digit",
+        day: "2-digit",
+        hour: "2-digit",
+        minute: "2-digit",
+      }).format(new Date(value)),
+    );
+    expect(clockStamp(value, "es")).toContain("19");
+  });
+
+  it("formats another date with month and day, without a today word", () => {
+    const value = "2026-08-03T15:07:00Z";
+    const es = clockStamp(value, "es");
+    const zh = clockStamp(value, "zh-CN");
+    // Spanish short date is day/month: 3 August. Padding varies across ICU
+    // versions, so only the order is pinned.
+    expect(es).toMatch(/^0?3\/0?8\b/);
+    expect(es).toContain("12:07");
+    expect(es).not.toMatch(/Hoy|今天/);
+    expect(zh).toContain("12:07");
+    expect(zh).not.toMatch(/Hoy|今天/);
+    expect(clockStamp(value)).toBe(zh);
+  });
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/clock-stamp.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+
 /**
  * One clock format for every user-facing timestamp.
  *
@@ -14,11 +16,15 @@
  * Unparseable input returns 时间未知 rather than a fabricated date. That string
  * is already asserted across several suites, so it stays exactly as-is.
  */
-export function clockStamp(value: string | null | undefined): string {
-  if (!value || !Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value))) return "时间未知";
+export function clockStamp(
+  value: string | null | undefined,
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
+): string {
+  if (!value || !Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value)))
+    return translate(locale, "clock.unknown");
   const date = new Date(value);
   const now = new Date();
-  const clock = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("zh-CN", {
+  const clock = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
     hour: "2-digit",
     minute: "2-digit",
   }).format(date);
@@ -27,8 +33,8 @@ export function clockStamp(value: string | null | undefined): string {
     date.getMonth() === now.getMonth() &&
     date.getDate() === now.getDate()
   )
-    return `今天 ${clock}`;
-  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat("zh-CN", {
+    return translate(locale, "clock.today", { clock });
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
     month: "2-digit",
     day: "2-digit",
     hour: "2-digit",

memhub/apps/web/src/diagnostics-export.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { type GuiLocale, translate } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+
 // Log export is offered from two places (the health view and the settings
 // help card). Both must report the same outcome wording, so the desktop
 // bridge call and the message live here instead of being copied.
@@ -6,17 +8,21 @@ export type DiagnosticsExportResult = {
   message: string;
 };
 
-export async function exportDiagnosticsFile(): Promise<DiagnosticsExportResult> {
+export async function exportDiagnosticsFile(
+  locale: GuiLocale = "zh-CN",
+): Promise<DiagnosticsExportResult> {
   if (!window.oneMemory?.exportDiagnostics) {
-    return { ok: false, message: "请在桌面 App 中导出诊断信息。" };
+    return { ok: false, message: translate(locale, "diagnosticExportDesktop") };
   }
   try {
     const receipt = await window.oneMemory.exportDiagnostics();
     return {
       ok: true,
-      message: `日志已导出：${receipt.filename ?? "诊断文件"}`,
+      message: translate(locale, "diagnosticExported", {
+        filename: receipt.filename ?? translate(locale, "diagnosticFile"),
+      }),
     };
   } catch {
-    return { ok: false, message: "诊断信息未能导出，请重试。" };
+    return { ok: false, message: translate(locale, "diagnosticExportFailed") };
   }
 }

memhub/apps/web/src/first-import-r6.css

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 738px) 278px;
   gap: 30px;
-  height: 560.2px;
-  min-height: 0;
+  min-height: 100%;
+  height: auto;
 }
 .first-import-r6-main {
   min-width: 0;
@@ -35,13 +35,12 @@
   line-height: 20px;
 }
 .first-import-r6-main > .r6-import-progress {
-  flex: 0 0 218px;
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
 }
 .first-import-r6-feed {
-  min-height: 0;
-  flex: 1;
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
   margin-top: 26px;
-  overflow: auto;
+  overflow: visible;
   scrollbar-width: thin;
   overscroll-behavior: contain;
 }
@@ -225,10 +224,8 @@
   margin: 6px 0;
 }
 .first-import-r6-footer-note {
-  flex: 1;
+  flex: 1 1 240px;
   min-width: 0;
-  max-height: 64px;
-  overflow: auto;
 }
 .first-import-r6-footer-note p {
   margin: 0;
@@ -245,12 +242,15 @@
 }
 .first-import-r6-footer-actions {
   display: flex;
+  flex: 0 1 auto;
+  min-width: 0;
+  max-width: 100%;
   flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: 16px;
+  gap: 12px;
   align-items: center;
 }
 .first-import-r6-footer-actions > [data-variant="primary"] {
-  min-width: 210px;
+  min-width: min(160px, 100%);
 }
 .first-import-r6-footer-actions .r6-button-label {
   display: inline-flex;
@@ -403,18 +403,18 @@ dialog.first-import-r6-original[open] {
 }
 @media (min-width: 761px) and (max-height: 959px) {
   .onboarding-r6-body:has(> .first-import-r6-layout) {
-    overflow: hidden;
+    overflow-y: auto;
     padding-top: 16px;
     padding-bottom: 16px;
   }
   .first-import-r6-layout {
-    height: 100%;
+    height: auto;
   }
 }
 @media (min-width: 761px) and (max-height: 859px) {
   .first-import-r6-options {
     padding: 14px;
-    overflow: hidden;
+    overflow: visible;
   }
   .first-import-r6-eyebrow {
     margin-bottom: 4px;

memhub/apps/web/src/global.d.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   ConnectionSetupResult,
   ConnectionSetupSelection,
 } from "@one-memory/contracts";
+import type { LanguagePreference, LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
 import type { DebugLogSnapshot } from "./debug-log-types.js";
 
 export type RecallPermissionTool =
@@ -219,6 +220,13 @@ declare global {
         buildNumber: string;
         commit: string;
       };
+      getLanguagePreference?(): Promise<LanguageSnapshot>;
+      setLanguagePreference?(
+        preference: LanguagePreference,
+      ): Promise<LanguageSnapshot>;
+      onLanguagePreferenceChanged?(
+        listener: (snapshot: LanguageSnapshot) => void,
+      ): () => void;
       getDebugLogs?(): Promise<DebugLogSnapshot>;
       /** Renderer end of the four-step UI/kernel trace. */
       logUiTrace?(input: {

memhub/apps/web/src/gui-language-lifecycle.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+
+import type { LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { StrictMode } from "react";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
+
+function Probe() {
+  const { locale, preference, error, setPreference } = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <>
+      <output>
+        {locale}:{preference}
+      </output>
+      <button type="button" onClick={() => void setPreference("es")}>
+        Spanish
+      </button>
+      {error && <p role="alert">{error}</p>}
+    </>
+  );
+}
+function mount() {
+  return render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <Probe />
+      </LanguageProvider>
+    </StrictMode>,
+  );
+}
+beforeEach(() => {
+  localStorage.clear();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it("removes browser listeners on StrictMode cleanup and final unmount", () => {
+  const add = vi.spyOn(window, "addEventListener");
+  const remove = vi.spyOn(window, "removeEventListener");
+  const view = mount();
+  view.unmount();
+  for (const type of ["storage", "languagechange"]) {
+    const callbacks = add.mock.calls
+      .filter(([name]) => name === type)
+      .map(([, callback]) => callback);
+    expect(callbacks).toHaveLength(2);
+    for (const callback of callbacks)
+      expect(remove).toHaveBeenCalledWith(type, callback);
+  }
+});
+it("ignores unrelated storage and language changes for explicit preferences", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  mount();
+  vi.spyOn(navigator, "language", "get").mockReturnValue("es");
+  act(() => {
+    window.dispatchEvent(new Event("languagechange"));
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", { key: "unrelated", newValue: "es" }),
+    );
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", {
+        key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+        storageArea: sessionStorage,
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:zh-CN")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+it("shows errors for unavailable desktop bridges without using browser fallback", async () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+  window.oneMemory = {} as NonNullable<Window["oneMemory"]>;
+  const read = vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "getItem");
+  const write = vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "setItem");
+  mount();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageLoadError");
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageSaveError");
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(read).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(write).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("does not surface a stale read rejection after an authoritative event", async () => {
+  let rejectRead!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  let listener!: (value: LanguageSnapshot) => void;
+  const pending = new Promise<LanguageSnapshot>((_, reject) => {
+    rejectRead = reject;
+  });
+  window.oneMemory = {
+    getLanguagePreference: () => pending,
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: (next: typeof listener) => {
+      listener = next;
+      return () => {};
+    },
+  } as NonNullable<Window["oneMemory"]>;
+  mount();
+  await act(async () => {
+    listener({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 3 });
+    rejectRead(new Error("late failure"));
+  });
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).toBeNull();
+});
+it("validates native replies and keeps the last confirmed snapshot when saving fails", async () => {
+  const set = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error("denied"));
+  let listener!: (value: LanguageSnapshot) => void;
+  window.oneMemory = {
+    getLanguagePreference: async () => ({
+      preference: "bad",
+      locale: "es",
+      revision: 0,
+    }),
+    setLanguagePreference: set,
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: (next: typeof listener) => {
+      listener = next;
+      return () => {};
+    },
+  } as unknown as NonNullable<Window["oneMemory"]>;
+  mount();
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageLoadError"),
+  );
+  act(() => listener({ preference: "system", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 2 }));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  expect(set).toHaveBeenCalledWith("es");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageSaveError");
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  act(() => listener({ preference: "system", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 2 }));
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).toBeNull();
+});

memhub/apps/web/src/gui-language.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+
+import type { LanguageSnapshot } from "@one-memory/i18n";
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { StrictMode } from "react";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import {
+  LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  LanguageProvider,
+  useGuiLanguage,
+} from "./gui-language";
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void;
+  let reject!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((yes, no) => {
+    resolve = yes;
+    reject = no;
+  });
+  return { promise, resolve, reject };
+}
+function Probe() {
+  const language = useGuiLanguage();
+  return (
+    <>
+      <output>
+        {language.locale}:{language.preference}
+      </output>
+      <input aria-label="draft" defaultValue="draft" />
+      <button onClick={() => void language.setPreference("es")} type="button">
+        Spanish
+      </button>
+      {language.error && <p role="alert">{language.error}</p>}
+    </>
+  );
+}
+function mount() {
+  return render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <Probe />
+      </LanguageProvider>
+    </StrictMode>,
+  );
+}
+function desktop(get: () => Promise<LanguageSnapshot>) {
+  const listeners = new Set<(value: LanguageSnapshot) => void>();
+  const unsubscribe = vi.fn();
+  const bridge = {
+    getLanguagePreference: vi.fn(() => {
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+      return get();
+    }),
+    setLanguagePreference: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValue({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 2 }),
+    onLanguagePreferenceChanged: vi.fn(
+      (listener: (value: LanguageSnapshot) => void) => {
+        listeners.add(listener);
+        return () => {
+          listeners.delete(listener);
+          unsubscribe();
+        };
+      },
+    ),
+  };
+  window.oneMemory = bridge as unknown as NonNullable<Window["oneMemory"]>;
+  return { bridge, listeners, unsubscribe };
+}
+beforeEach(() => {
+  localStorage.clear();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  vi.spyOn(navigator, "language", "get").mockReturnValue("zh-CN");
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  delete window.oneMemory;
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  localStorage.clear();
+});
+
+it("persists before publishing and retains form state without remounting", async () => {
+  const user = userEvent.setup();
+  mount();
+  await user.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), " preserved");
+  await user.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  expect(localStorage.getItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY)).toBe("es");
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe("es");
+  expect((screen.getByRole("textbox") as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe(
+    "draft preserved",
+  );
+  cleanup();
+  mount();
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+it("keeps confirmed language and exposes storage write errors", async () => {
+  mount();
+  vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "setItem").mockImplementation(() => {
+    throw new Error("private storage");
+  });
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageSaveError");
+});
+it("exposes browser read errors without crashing", () => {
+  vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "getItem").mockImplementation(() => {
+    throw new Error("denied");
+  });
+  mount();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageLoadError");
+});
+it("validates browser storage and synchronizes tabs and principal navigator language", () => {
+  localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "invalid");
+  mount();
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  act(() => {
+    localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, "es");
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", {
+        key: LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY,
+        storageArea: localStorage,
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+  act(() => {
+    localStorage.removeItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new StorageEvent("storage", { key: null, storageArea: localStorage }),
+    );
+  });
+  vi.spyOn(navigator, "language", "get").mockReturnValue("es-MX");
+  act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event("languagechange")));
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:system")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+it("subscribes before reads, rejects stale snapshots and cleans StrictMode subscriptions", async () => {
+  const reads = [deferred<LanguageSnapshot>(), deferred<LanguageSnapshot>()];
+  let index = 0;
+  const { listeners, unsubscribe } = desktop(() => reads[index++].promise);
+  const view = mount();
+  expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+  act(() => {
+    for (const listener of listeners)
+      listener({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 5 });
+  });
+  await act(async () => {
+    for (const read of reads)
+      read.resolve({ preference: "zh-CN", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 1 });
+  });
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+  view.unmount();
+  expect(listeners.size).toBe(0);
+  expect(unsubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+});
+it("never accesses browser persistence or browser locale in desktop mode and exposes read failures", async () => {
+  const { listeners } = desktop(() => Promise.reject(new Error("unavailable")));
+  const read = vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "getItem");
+  const write = vi.spyOn(Storage.prototype, "setItem");
+  mount();
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageLoadError"),
+  );
+  vi.spyOn(navigator, "language", "get").mockReturnValue("es");
+  act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event("languagechange")));
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  act(() => {
+    for (const listener of listeners)
+      listener({ preference: "system", locale: "es", revision: 3 });
+  });
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).toBeNull();
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:system")).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(read).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(write).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+it("does not surface an obsolete write failure after a newer save succeeds", async () => {
+  const { bridge } = desktop(async () => ({
+    preference: "system",
+    locale: "zh-CN",
+    revision: 0,
+  }));
+  const first = deferred<LanguageSnapshot>();
+  bridge.setLanguagePreference
+    .mockReturnValueOnce(first.promise)
+    .mockResolvedValueOnce({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 2 });
+  mount();
+  await act(async () => {});
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  expect(screen.getByText("es:es")).toBeTruthy();
+  await act(async () => first.reject(new Error("obsolete failure")));
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).toBeNull();
+});
+
+it("rejects conflicting native locale and explicit preference pairs", async () => {
+  desktop(async () => ({ preference: "es", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 1 }));
+  mount();
+  await waitFor(() =>
+    expect(screen.getByRole("alert").textContent).toBe("languageLoadError"),
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:system")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+
+it("does not allow a late write reply to overwrite a newer native event", async () => {
+  const { bridge, listeners } = desktop(async () => ({
+    preference: "system",
+    locale: "zh-CN",
+    revision: 0,
+  }));
+  const write = deferred<LanguageSnapshot>();
+  bridge.setLanguagePreference.mockReturnValue(write.promise);
+  mount();
+  await act(async () => {});
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button"));
+  act(() => {
+    for (const listener of listeners)
+      listener({ preference: "zh-CN", locale: "zh-CN", revision: 8 });
+  });
+  await act(async () =>
+    write.resolve({ preference: "es", locale: "es", revision: 7 }),
+  );
+  expect(screen.getByText("zh-CN:zh-CN")).toBeTruthy();
+});
+
+it("groups counts in Chinese only where tn asks for it, never with tnPlain", () => {
+  function Counts() {
+    const { tn, tnPlain } = useGuiLanguage();
+    return (
+      <>
+        <p>{tn("healthMemories", 12345)}</p>
+        <p>{tnPlain("healthRetrying", 12345)}</p>
+        <p>{tnPlain("healthRetrying", 1)}</p>
+      </>
+    );
+  }
+  const view = (stored: string | null) => {
+    if (stored) localStorage.setItem(LANGUAGE_STORAGE_KEY, stored);
+    const { container, unmount } = render(
+      <LanguageProvider>
+        <Counts />
+      </LanguageProvider>,
+    );
+    const lines = [...container.querySelectorAll("p")].map(
+      (p) => p.textContent,
+    );
+    unmount();
+    localStorage.clear();
+    return lines;
+  };
+  expect(view(null)).toEqual([
+    "12,345 条记忆",
+    "12345 条这次没能整理成功，正在重试",
+    "1 条这次没能整理成功，正在重试",
+  ]);
+  expect(view("es")).toEqual([
+    "12.345 memorias",
+    "12.345 no se pudieron procesar esta vez; reintentando",
+    "1 no se pudo procesar esta vez; reintentando",
+  ]);
+});